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Volume 38 Issue 2
April 2023
    Citation: Yonghong Zhou, Chongchen Zhou, Kai Wang, Qi Qiu, Yibing Cheng, Yu Li, Peng Cui, Lu Liang, Peng Li, Xiaowei Deng, Lili Wang, Wen Zheng, Hui Gong, Fang Wang, Meng Xu, Justin Jang Hann Chu, Lance Turtle, Hongjie Yu. Diagnostic performance of different specimens in detecting enterovirus A71 in children with hand, foot and mouth disease .VIROLOGICA SINICA, 2023, 38(2) : 268-275.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virs.2022.11.004
    shu

    Diagnostic performance of different specimens in detecting enterovirus A71 in children with hand, foot and mouth disease

    • a. School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China;

    • b. Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, China;

    • c. Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China;

    • d. West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China;

    • e. Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Infectious Disease Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore;

    • f. NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK;

    • g. Tropical & Infectious Disease Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital (member of Liverpool Health Partners), Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK

    • Corresponding author: Hongjie Yu, yhj@fudan.edu.cn
    • Received Date: 20 July 2022
      Accepted Date: 07 November 2022
      Available online: 10 November 2022
    • Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a major public health problem among children in the Asia-Pacific region. The optimal specimen for HFMD virological diagnosis remains unclear. Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) neutralizing antibody titres detected in paired sera were considered the reference standard for calculating the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of throat swabs, rectal swabs, stool, blood samples and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by RT-PCR or ELISA assay. In this study, clinical samples from 276 HFMD patients were collected for analysing the sensitivity of different kind of specimens. Our results showed that stool had the highest sensitivity (88%, 95% CI: 74%–96%) and agreement with the reference standard (91%). The order of diagnostic yield for EV-A71 infection was stool sample ≥ rectal swab > throat swab > blood sample > CSF sample, and using a combination of clinical samples improved sensitivity for enterovirus detection. The sensitivity of ELISA for IgM antibody detection in sterile-site specimens was significantly higher than that of RT-PCR (serum/plasma: 62% vs. 2%, CSF: 47% vs. 0%) (P < 0.002). In conclusion, our results suggest that stool has the highest diagnostic yield for EV-A71-infected HFMD. If stool is unavailable, rectal swabs can be collected to achieve a similar diagnostic yield. Otherwise, throat swabs may be useful in detecting positive samples. Although IgM in blood or CSF is diagnostically accurate, it lacks sensitivity, missing 40%–50% of cases. The higher proportion of severe cases and shorter interval between onset and sampling contributed to the increase in congruency between clinical testing and the serological reference standard.
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      Diagnostic performance of different specimens in detecting enterovirus A71 in children with hand, foot and mouth disease

        Corresponding author: Hongjie Yu, yhj@fudan.edu.cn
      • a. School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China;
      • b. Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, China;
      • c. Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China;
      • d. West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China;
      • e. Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Infectious Disease Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore;
      • f. NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK;
      • g. Tropical & Infectious Disease Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital (member of Liverpool Health Partners), Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
      • Received Date: 20 July 2022
      • Accepted Date: 07 November 2022

      Abstract: Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a major public health problem among children in the Asia-Pacific region. The optimal specimen for HFMD virological diagnosis remains unclear. Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) neutralizing antibody titres detected in paired sera were considered the reference standard for calculating the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of throat swabs, rectal swabs, stool, blood samples and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by RT-PCR or ELISA assay. In this study, clinical samples from 276 HFMD patients were collected for analysing the sensitivity of different kind of specimens. Our results showed that stool had the highest sensitivity (88%, 95% CI: 74%–96%) and agreement with the reference standard (91%). The order of diagnostic yield for EV-A71 infection was stool sample ≥ rectal swab > throat swab > blood sample > CSF sample, and using a combination of clinical samples improved sensitivity for enterovirus detection. The sensitivity of ELISA for IgM antibody detection in sterile-site specimens was significantly higher than that of RT-PCR (serum/plasma: 62% vs. 2%, CSF: 47% vs. 0%) (P < 0.002). In conclusion, our results suggest that stool has the highest diagnostic yield for EV-A71-infected HFMD. If stool is unavailable, rectal swabs can be collected to achieve a similar diagnostic yield. Otherwise, throat swabs may be useful in detecting positive samples. Although IgM in blood or CSF is diagnostically accurate, it lacks sensitivity, missing 40%–50% of cases. The higher proportion of severe cases and shorter interval between onset and sampling contributed to the increase in congruency between clinical testing and the serological reference standard.

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