Black swans as sentinel species for the emergence of clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) in Shanghai, China, 2024

Yuting Xu; Shihai Wu; Lei Ji; Jie Hu; Jin Wang; Ke Li; Yue Yuan; Gaojian Li; Guangjian Zhu; Panyu Hua; Qiuhong Miao; Hongxuan He; Guimei He

doi:10.1016/j.virs.2025.07.008

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Volume 40 Issue 5

October 2025

Citation: Yuting Xu, Shihai Wu, Lei Ji, Jie Hu, Jin Wang, Ke Li, Yue Yuan, Gaojian Li, Guangjian Zhu, Panyu Hua, Qiuhong Miao, Hongxuan He, Guimei He. Black swans as sentinel species for the emergence of clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) in Shanghai, China, 2024 .VIROLOGICA SINICA, 2025, 40(5) : 853-855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virs.2025.07.008

Black swans as sentinel species for the emergence of clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) in Shanghai, China, 2024

Yuting Xu ^a ,
Shihai Wu ^a ,
Lei Ji ^b ,
Jie Hu ^a ,
Jin Wang ^a ,
Ke Li ^c ,
Yue Yuan ^d ,
Gaojian Li ^e ,
Guangjian Zhu ^a ,
Panyu Hua ^c ,
Qiuhong Miao ^{a
,,} ,
Hongxuan He ^{e
,,} ,
Guimei He ^{a,f,g
,,}

a. School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China;
b. Department of Wildlife Conservation, Shanghai Forestry Station, Shanghai, 200072, China;
c. School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China;
d. Ecological Restoration Section, Shanghai Chongming Dongtan Nature Reserve Administration Center, Shanghai, 202183, China;
e. Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China;
f. Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China;
g. Shanghai Institute of Wildlife Epidemics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China

Corresponding author: Qiuhong Miao, qhmiao@bio.ecnu.edu.cn
Hongxuan He, hehx@ioz.ac.cn
Guimei He, gmhe@bio.ecnu.edu.cn
Received Date: 21 May 2025
Accepted Date: 17 July 2025
Available online: 19 July 2025

Abstract

Highlights1. A novel reassortant H5N1 virus detected in 15 sick black swans in Shanghai, China.2. Novel H5N1 virus in black swans suggests wild-domestic bird reassortant from East Asia.3. Susceptible black swans could serve as ideal sentinel species for HPAI early detection.

Electronic Supplementary Material

10.1016j.virs.2025.07.008-ESM1.docx
References
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Black swans as sentinel species for the emergence of clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) in Shanghai, China, 2024

Corresponding author: Qiuhong Miao, qhmiao@bio.ecnu.edu.cn

Corresponding author: Hongxuan He, hehx@ioz.ac.cn

Corresponding author: Guimei He, gmhe@bio.ecnu.edu.cn

a. School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China;
b. Department of Wildlife Conservation, Shanghai Forestry Station, Shanghai, 200072, China;
c. School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China;
d. Ecological Restoration Section, Shanghai Chongming Dongtan Nature Reserve Administration Center, Shanghai, 202183, China;
e. Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China;
f. Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China;
g. Shanghai Institute of Wildlife Epidemics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China

Received Date: 21 May 2025
Accepted Date: 17 July 2025

Abstract: Highlights1. A novel reassortant H5N1 virus detected in 15 sick black swans in Shanghai, China.2. Novel H5N1 virus in black swans suggests wild-domestic bird reassortant from East Asia.3. Susceptible black swans could serve as ideal sentinel species for HPAI early detection.