• Alzhanova, D., Meyo, J.O., Juarez, A., Dittmer, D.P., 2021. The ORF45 protein of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is an inhibitor of p53 signaling during viral reactivation. J. Virol. 95, e0145921.

  • Arias, C., Weisburd, B., Stern-Ginossar, N., Mercier, A., Madrid, A.S., Bellare, P., Holdorf, M., Weissman, J.S., Ganem, D., 2014. KSHV 2.0: a comprehensive annotation of the Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus genome using next-generation sequencing reveals novel genomic and functional features. PLoS Pathog. 10, e1003847.

  • Broussard, G., Damania, B., 2020. Regulation of KSHV latency and lytic reactivation. Viruses 12, 1034.

  • Brown, H.J., Song, M.J., Deng, H., Wu, T.T., Cheng, G., Sun, R., 2003. NF-kappaB inhibits gammaherpesvirus lytic replication. J. Virol. 77, 8532-8540.

  • Chang, L.K., Lee, Y.H., Cheng, T.S., Hong, Y.R., Lu, P.J., Wang, J.J., Wang, W.H., Kuo, C.W., Li, S.S., Liu, S.T., 2004. Post-translational modification of Rta of Epstein-Barr virus by SUMO-1. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 38803-38812.

  • Chang, Y., Cesarman, E., Pessin, M.S., Lee, F., Culpepper, J., Knowles, D.M., Moore, P.S., 1994. Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma. Science 266, 1865-1869.

  • Chavoshi, S., Egorova, O., Lacdao, I.K., Farhadi, S., Sheng, Y., Saridakis, V., 2016. Identification of Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) vIRF1 protein as a novel interaction partner of human deubiquitinase USP7. J. Biol. Chem. 291, 6281-6291.

  • Combs, L.R., Spires, L.M., Alonso, J.D., Papp, B., Toth, Z., 2022. KSHV RTA induces degradation of the host transcription repressor ID2 to promote the viral lytic cycle. J. Virol. 96, e0010122.

  • Goldspink, P., Martin, J.L., Warren, C.M., Thompson, W., Levi-D'Ancona, E., de Tombe, P.P., 2020. Deamidation of asparagine14 prevents serine15 phosphorylation of human cardiac MLC2V. Biophys. J. 118, 593a.

  • Han, C., Zhang, D., Gui, C., Huang, L., Chang, S., Dong, L., Bai, L., Wu, S., Lan, K., 2022. KSHV RTA antagonizes SMC5/6 complex-induced viral chromatin compaction by hijacking the ubiquitin-proteasome system. PLoS Pathog. 18, e1010744.

  • He, S., Zhao, J., Song, S., He, X., Minassian, A., Zhou, Y., Zhang, J., Brulois, K., Wang, Y., Cabo, J., Zandi, E., Liang, C., Jung, J.U., Zhang, X., Feng, P., 2015. Viral pseudo-enzymes activate RIG-I via deamidation to evade cytokine production. Mol. Cell. 58, 134-146.

  • Li, J., Zhao, J., Xu, S., Zhang, S., Zhang, J., Xiao, J., Gao, R., Tian, M., Zeng, Y., Lee, K., Tarakanova, V., Lan, K., Feng, H., Feng, P., 2019. Antiviral activity of a purine synthesis enzyme reveals a key role of deamidation in regulating protein nuclear import. Sci. Adv. 5, eaaw7373.

  • Liang, Q., Zhu, F., 2023. ORF45, a multifunctional immediate early and tegument protein of KSHV. J. Med. Virol. 95, e28659.

  • Liu, Y., Cao, Y., Liang, D., Gao, Y., Xia, T., Robertson, E.S., Lan, K., 2008. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus RTA activates the processivity factor ORF59 through interaction with RBP-Jkappa and a cis-acting RTA responsive element. Virology 380, 264-275.

  • Liu, Z., Liu, C., Wang, X., Li, W., Zhou, J., Dong, P., Xiao, M.Z.X., Wang, C., Zhang, Y., Fu, J., Zhu, F., Liang, Q., 2021. RSK1 SUMOylation is required for KSHV lytic replication. PLoS Pathog. 17, e1010123.

  • Liu, Z., Wang, X., Liu, C., Deng, H., Li, W., Wang, X., Xu, X., Xiao, M.Z.X., Wang, C., Zhang, Y., Fu, J., Zhu, F., Liang, Q., 2022. The SUMO E3 ligase activity of ORF45 determines KSHV lytic replication. PLoS Pathog. 18, e1010504.

  • Lu, A., Disoma, C., Zhou, Y., Chen, Z., Zhang, L., Shen, Y., Zhou, M., Du, A., Zheng, R., Li, S., Alsaadawe, M., Li, S., Li, J., Wang, W., Jiang, T., Peng, J., Xia, Z., 2019. Protein interactome of the deamidase phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthetase (PFAS) by LC-MS/MS. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 513, 746-752.

  • McDowell, M.E., Purushothaman, P., Rossetto, C.C., Pari, G.S., Verma, S.C., 2013. Phosphorylation of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus processivity factor ORF59 by a viral kinase modulates its ability to associate with RTA and oriLyt. J. Virol. 87, 8038-8052.

  • Olson, A.T., Wang, Z., Rico, A.B., Wiebe, M.S., 2019. A poxvirus pseudokinase represses viral DNA replication via a pathway antagonized by its paralog kinase. PLoS Pathog. 15, e1007608.

  • Qin, C., Rao, Y., Yuan, H., Wang, T.Y., Zhao, J., Espinosa, B., Liu, Y., Zhang, S., Savas, A.C., Liu, Q., Zarinfar, M., Rice, S., Henley, J., Comai, L., Graham, N.A., Chen, C., Zhang, C., Feng, P., 2022. SARS-CoV-2 couples evasion of inflammatory response to activated nucleotide synthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 119, e2122897119.

  • Rao, Y., Wang, T.Y., Qin, C., Espinosa, B., Liu, Q., Ekanayake, A., Zhao, J., Savas, A.C., Zhang, S., Zarinfar, M., Liu, Y., Zhu, W., Graham, N., Jiang, T., Zhang, C., Feng, P., 2021. Targeting CTP synthetase 1 to restore interferon induction and impede nucleotide synthesis in SARS-CoV-2 infection. bioRxiv 429959.

  • Rico, A.B., Linville, A.C., Olson, A.T., Wang, Z., Wiebe, M.S., 2021. The vaccinia virus B12 pseudokinase represses viral replication via interaction with the cellular kinase VRK1 and activation of the antiviral effector BAF. J. Virol. 95, e02114-20.

  • Rico, A.B., Wang, Z., Olson, A.T., Linville, A.C., Bullard, B.L., Weaver, E.A., Jones, C., Wiebe, M.S., 2019. The vaccinia virus (VACV) B1 and cellular VRK2 kinases promote VACV replication factory formation through phosphorylation-dependent inhibition of VACV B12. J. Virol. 93, e00855-19.

  • Rossetto, C.C., Susilarini, N.K., Pari, G.S., 2011. Interaction of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ORF59 with oriLyt is dependent on binding with K-Rta. J. Virol. 85, 3833-3841.

  • Shi, J., Jia, X., He, Y., Ma, X., Qi, X., Li, W., Gao, S.J., Yan, Q., Lu, C., 2023. Immune evasion strategy involving propionylation by the KSHV interferon regulatory factor 1 (vIRF1). PLoS Pathog. 19, e1011324.

  • Spires, L.M., Wind, E., Papp, B., Toth, Z., 2023. KSHV RTA utilizes the host E3 ubiquitin ligase complex RNF20/40 to drive lytic reactivation. J. Virol. 97, e0138923.

  • Sun, R., Lin, S.F., Gradoville, L., Yuan, Y., Zhu, F., Miller, G., 1998. A viral gene that activates lytic cycle expression of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95, 10866-10871.

  • Teoh, M.L., Turner, P.V., Evans, D.H., 2005. Tumorigenic poxviruses up-regulate intracellular superoxide to inhibit apoptosis and promote cell proliferation. J. Virol. 79, 5799-5811.

  • Tian, H., Yu, K., He, L., Xu, H., Han, C., Zhang, X., Wang, X., Zhang, X., Zhang, L., Gao, G., Deng, H., 2023. RNF213 modulates γ-herpesvirus infection and reactivation via targeting the viral replication and transcription activator. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 120, e2218825120.

  • Wan, Q., Tavakoli, L., Wang, T.Y., Tucker, A.J., Zhou, R., Liu, Q., Feng, S., Choi, D., He, Z., Gack, M.U., Zhao, J., 2024. Hijacking of nucleotide biosynthesis and deamidation-mediated glycolysis by an oncogenic herpesvirus. Nat. Commun. 15, 1442.

  • Wang, S., Tian, X., Zhou, Y., Xie, J., Gao, M., Zhong, Y., Zhang, C., Yu, K., Bai, L., Qin, Q., Zhong, B., Lin, D., Feng, P., Lan, K., Zhang, J., 2024. Non-canonical regulation of the reactivation of an oncogenic herpesvirus by the OTUD4-USP7 deubiquitinases. PLoS Pathog. 20, e1011943.

  • Wang, T.Y., Zhao, J., Savas, A.C., Zhang, S., Feng, P., 2020. Viral pseudoenzymes in infection and immunity. FEBS J. 287, 4300-4309.

  • Xie, T., Qin, C., Savas, A.C., Yeh, W.W., Feng, P., 2024. The emerging roles of glutamine amidotransferases in metabolism and immune defense. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids. 1-15.

  • Xu, Y., Hou, G., Liu, Q., Zhang, Q., Li, C., Hu, L., Chen, X., Chen, R., Ding, C., Li, D., Li, J., 2023. Helicase-independent function of RIG-I against murine gammaherpesvirus 68 via blocking the nuclear translocation of viral proteins. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 250, 126527.

  • Yang, X., Zhou, J., Liu, C., Qu, Y., Wang, W., Xiao, M.Z.X., Zhu, F., Liu, Z., Liang, Q., 2022. KSHV-encoded ORF45 activates human NLRP1 inflammasome. Nat. Immunol. 23, 916-926.

  • Yang, Z., Tang, H., Huang, H., Deng, H., 2009. RTA promoter demethylation and histone acetylation regulation of murine gammaherpesvirus 68 reactivation. PLoS One 4, e4556.

  • Ye, F., Chen, E.R., Nilsen, T.W., 2017. Kaposi’s Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus utilizes and manipulates RNA N6-adenosine methylation to promote lytic replication. J. Virol. 91, e00466-17.

  • Ye, F., Lei, X., Gao, S.J., 2011. Mechanisms of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latency and reactivation. Adv Virol. 2011, 193860.

  • Yu, Y., Wang, S.E., Hayward, G.S., 2005. The KSHV immediate-early transcription factor RTA encodes ubiquitin E3 ligase activity that targets IRF7 for proteosome-mediated degradation. Immunity 22, 59-70.

  • Zhang, J., Zhao, J., Xu, S., Li, J., He, S., Zeng, Y., Xie, L., Xie, N., Liu, T., Lee, K., Seo, G.J., Chen, L., Stabell, A.C., Xia, Z., Sawyer, S.L., Jung, J., Huang, C., Feng, P., 2018. Species-specific deamidation of cGAS by herpes simplex virus UL37 protein facilitates viral replication. Cell Host Microbe 24, 234-248.e5.

  • Zhang, Y., Dong, Z., Gu, F., Xu, Y., Li, Y., Sun, W., Rao, W., Du, S., Zhu, C., Wang, Y., Wei, F., Cai, Q., 2024. Degradation of TRIM32 is induced by RTA for Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus lytic replication. J. Virol. 98, e0000524.

  • Zhao, J., Li, J., Xu, S., Feng, P., 2016a. Emerging roles of protein deamidation in innate immune signaling. J. Virol. 90, 4262-4268.

  • Zhao, J., Tian, M., Zhang, S., Delfarah, A., Gao, R., Rao, Y., Savas, A.C., Lu, A., Bubb, L., Lei, X., Moshirian, R., Zhu, W., Peng, C., Jiang, T., Chen, L., Graham, N.A., Feng, P., 2020. Deamidation shunts RelA from mediating inflammation to aerobic glycolysis. Cell Metab. 31, 937-955.e7.

  • Zhao, J., Zeng, Y., Xu, S., Chen, J., Shen, G., Yu, C., Knipe, D., Yuan, W., Peng, J., Xu, W., Zhang, C., Xia, Z., Feng, P., 2016b. A viral deamidase targets the helicase domain of RIG-I to block RNA-induced activation. Cell Host Microbe 20, 770-784.

  • Zhao, Q., Liang, D., Sun, R., Jia, B., Xia, T., Xiao, H., Lan, K., 2015. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded replication and transcription activator impairs innate immunity via ubiquitin-mediated degradation of myeloid differentiation factor 88. J. Virol. 89, 415-427.

  • Zhu, H.J., Liu, D., Tran, V.P., Wu, Z., Jiang, K., Zhu, H., Zhang, J., Gibbons, C., Xue, B., Shi, H., Wang, P.G., 2020. N-linked glycosylation prevents deamidation of glycopeptide and glycoprotein. ACS Chem. Biol. 15, 3197-3205.