Figure 2个  Table 4个
    • Healthy controls (n = 200) Chronic HCV infection (n = 292) HCV-spontaneous clearance (n = 100)
      Age (years) 55 [13-93] 63 [20-88] 58 [20-76]
      Gender (%)
      Male 67 (33.5) 108 (36) 41(41)
      Female 133 (66.5) 192 (64) 59 (59)
      Biochemical variables (mean ± SD)
      Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L) 35.33 ± 21.52 78.43 ± 55.23 46.44 ± 56.25
      Aspartate aminotransferase (IU/L) 29.35 ± 16.39 68.85 ± 46.25 34.7 ± 21.43
      Bilirubin (μmol/L) NA 15.19 ± 6.08 15.16 ± 11.17
      Creatinine (μmol/L) NA 108.54 ± 199.72 82.34 ± 34.55
      Fasting serum glucose (g/L) 0.95 ± 0.19 1.06 ± 0.41 1.23 ± 0.54
      Total cholesterol (g/L) 1.91 ± 0.38 1.53 ± 0.36 1.72 ± 0.38
      Triglycerides (g/L) 1.31 ± 0.68 1.04 ± 0.37 1.37 ± 1.33
      HDL-cholesterol (g/L) 0.54 ± 0.36 0.52 ± 0.17 0.48 ± 0.10
      LDL-cholesterol (g/L) 1.11 ± 0.38 0.86 ± 0.6 0.94 ± 0.36
      Median viral load (IU/mL) NA 2.8 E + 06 -
      [range] [0.9 E + 03 - 64.5 E + 06]
      Viral genotypes (%)
      Genotype 1 - 59.90 -
      Genotype 2 - 39.06 -
      Genotype 3 - 0.52 -
      Genotype 4 - 0.52 -
      Disease stages (n)
      mCHC - 92 -
      AdLD - 127 -
      HCC - 73 -
      SD standard deviation, Na non applicable, HDL high density lipoprotein, LDL low density lipoprotein, mCHC mild chronic hepatitis C, AdLD advanced liver disease, HCC hepatocellular carcinoma.

      Table 1.  Baseline characteristics of healthy subjects, chronic HCV patients and HCV-spontaneous clearance group.

    • Mild chronic hepatitis (n = 92) Advanced liver disease (n = 200) P value
      Mean age ± SD (years) 57.13 ± 14.09 64.14 ± 9.47 < 0.0001
      Gender (%)
      Male 26 (27.37) 41 (31.30) 0.558
      Female 69 (72.63) 90 (68.70)
      Biochemical variables (mean ± SD)
      Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L) 53.63 ± 39.77 96.69 ± 58.73 < 0.0001
      Aspartate aminotransferase (IU/L) 42.91 ± 24.91 87.94 ± 51.96 < 0.0001
      Bilirubin (μmol/L) 13.13 ± 5.54 16.76 ± 6.01 < 0.0001
      Creatinine (μmol/L) 87.91 ± 165.39 130.56 ± 249.41 0.148
      Fasting serum glucose (g/L) 0.97 ± 0.19 1.14 ± 0.53 0.003
      Total cholesterol (g/L) 1.60 ± 0.36 1.47 ± 0.31 0.004
      Triglycerides (g/L) 1.03 ± 0.38 1.06 ± 0.40 0.570
      HDL-cholesterol (g/L) 0.54 ± 0.19 0.51 ± 0.15 0.186
      LDL-cholesterol (g/L) 0.91 ± 0.68 0.74 ± 0.31 0.012
      Median viral load (IU/mL) 2.7 E + 06 2.9 E + 06 0.818
      [range] [1.7 E + 03-31.8 E + 06] [0.9 E + 03-64.5 E + 06]
      Viral genotypes (%)
      Genotype 1 53.85 64.03 0.114
      Genotype 2 46.15 34.21 -
      Genotype 3 - 0.88 -
      Genotype 4 - 0.88 -
      SD standard deviation, HDL high density lipoprotein, LDL low density lipoprotein.

      Table 2.  Baseline characteristics of mild and advanced liver diseases groups.

    • PPARGC1A Healthy controls n = 200 (%) Spontaneous clearance n = 100 (%) Persistent infection n = 292 (%) Subjects with persistence versus subjects with spontaneous clearance OR (95% Cl) P value
      rs8192678
      G/G 142 (71) 48 (48) 166 (56.85) 1
      G/A 46 (23) 44 (44) 105 (35.96) 0.69 [0.43-1.11] 0.126
      A/A 12(6) 8 (8) 21 (7.19) 0.76 [0.32-1.82] 0.536
      G allele 0.825 ± 0.021 0.700 ± 0.032 0.748 ± 0.018 1
      A allele 0.175 ± 0.021 0.300 ± 0.032 0.252 ± 0.018 0.78 [0.55-1.12] 0.181
      Dominant model 48/52 166/126 0.70 [0.44-1.10] 0.125
      Recessive model 92/8 271/21 1.12 [0.48-2.62] 0.789
      rs12640088
      A/A 154 (77) 75 (75) 221 (75.68) 1
      A/C 46 (23) 22 (22) 64 (21.92) 0.99 [0.57-1.71] 0.963
      C/C 0 (0) 3 (3) 7 (2.40) 0.79 [0.20-3.14] 0.739
      A allele 0.885 ± 0.015 0.860 ± 0.026 0.866 ± 0.014 1
      C allele 0.115 ± 0.015 0.140 ± 0.026 0.134 ± 0.014 0.95 [0.59-1.51] 0.818
      Dominant model 75/25 221/71 0.96 [0.57-1.63] 0.890
      Recessive model 97/3 285/7 1.26 [0.32-4.97] 0.745

      Table 3.  Effect of PPARGC1A polymorphisms on the outcomes of HCV infection.

    • Mild group (n = 92) Advanced group (n = 200) OR 95% CI P value
      Age (years) 58.5 [51-67] 65 [58-73] 1.06 1.04-1.09 < 0.001
      Male sex (%) 23 (25.0%) 81 (41.3%) 2.1 1.23-3.71 0.011
      Total cholesterol (g/L) 1.64 [1.36-1.85] 1.42 [1.27-1.68] 0.23 0.07-0.75 0.015
      Triglycerides (g/L) 0.96 [0.81-1.27] 0.98 [0.78-1.21] 1.12 0.41-3.06 0.874
      HDL (g/L) 0.52 [0.42-0.66] 0.51 [0.38-0.60] 0.14 0.01-1.73 0.232
      LDL (g/L) 0.89 [0.60-1.15] 0.80 [0.50-1.00] 0.42 0.10-1.68 0.200
      Gamma-glutamyltransferase (IU/L) 27.0 [19.040.0] 63.5 [38.2-119] 1.02 1.01-1.03 < 0.001
      ALT (IU/L) 40.5 [28.2-61.8] 82.0 [54.0-123] 1.02 1.01-1.04 < 0.001
      AST (IU/L) 33.5 [27.0-44.2] 76.0 [51.5-116] 1.04 1.02-1.06 < 0.001
      PPARGC1A rs8192678 AA genotype 4 (4.35%) 8 (6.30%) 0.71 0.20-2.49 0.739
      PPARGC1A rs12640088 CC genotype 3 (2.36) 3 (2.36) 1.28 0.25-6.54 0.512
      Factors associated with progression of liver disease in chronic hepatitis C patients.
      HDL high density lipoprotein, LDL low density lipoprotein, ALT alanine aminotransferase, AST Aspartate aminotransferase, PPARGC1A Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha, OR Odds ratio, CI confidence interval.

      Table 4.  Factors associated with disease progression of HCV infection.