Figure 1个  Table 4个
    • Characteristic Total Count Percent (%)
      Age (years) (n = 1257)
      1-24 203 16.2
      25-34 399 31.7
      35-44 263 20.9
      45-54 187 14.9
      ≥ 55 205 16.3
      Gender (n = 1207)
      Female 734 60.8
      Male 473 39.2
      Residential area (n = 1257)
      Bushehr 414 32.9
      Hormozgan 153 12.2
      Sistan & Baluchestan 230 18.3
      Gilan 165 13.1
      Mazandaran 95 7.6
      Khuzestan 200 15.9
      Travelling history (n=980)
      Yes 230 23.5
      No 750 76.5
      Seroprevalence (n = 1257)
      West Nile virus (WNV) 236 18.8
      Dengue virus (DENV) 74 5.9
      Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) 22 1.8
      Coinfection (n = 1257)
      WNV + DENV 67 5.3
      WNV + CHIK 14 1.1
      DENV + CHIK 4 0.3
      DENV + WNV + CHIK 4 0.3

      Table 1.  Study populations' demographic characteristics and WNV, DENV and CHIK IgG seroprevalence.

    • West Nile virus
      Characteristic Negative cases (N) Positive cases (N) Seropositivity (%) OR 95%CI P-value
      Age (years)
      1-24 176 27 13.3 Ref
      25-34 325 74 18.5 1.48 0.92 2.39 0.1
      35-44 215 48 18.25 1.45 0.87 1.42 0.15
      45-54 147 40 21.4 1.77 1.03 3.02 0.03
      ≥ 55 158 47 22.9 1.93 1.15 3.26 0.01
      Gender
      Female 590 144 19.6 Ref
      Male 387 86 18.2 0.91 0.67 1.2 0.53
      Residential area
      Bushehr 330 84 20.3 Ref
      Hormozgan 118 35 22.9 1.16 0.74 1.8 0.5
      Sistan & Baluchestan 189 41 17.8 0.85 0.56 1.28 0.44
      Gilan 150 15 9.1 0.39 0.121 0.71 0.000
      Mazandaran 83 12 12.6 0.56 0.29 1.08 0.08
      Khuzestan 151 49 24.5 1.27 0.85 1.9 0.23
      Travelling history (780)
      Yes 174 56 24.3 Ref
      No 601 149 19.9 1.29 0.91 1.8 0.14
      Dengue virus
      Age (years)
      1-24 194 9 4.4 Ref
      25-34 385 14 3.5 0.78 0.33 1.68 0.57
      35-44 243 20 7.6 1.77 0.79 3.98 0.16
      45-54 177 10 5.3 1.2 0.48 3.8 0.67
      ≥ 55 184 21 10.2 2.4 1.06 5.5 0.21
      Gender
      Female 700 34 4.6 Ref
      Male 435 38 8.0 1.79 1.1 2.94 0.01
      Residential area
      Bushehr 388 26 6.3 Ref
      Hormozgan 152 1 0.7 0.09 0.018 0.73 0.02
      Sistan & Baluchestan 220 10 4.3 0.67 0.32 1.1 0.3
      Gilan 154 11 6.7 1.06 0.51 2.2 0.86
      Mazandaran 90 5 5.3 0.82 0.31 2.2 0.7
      Khuzestan 179 21 10.5 1.75 0.95 3.19 0.06
      Travelling history (780)
      Yes 213 17 7.4 Ref
      No 709 41 5.5 1.38 0.76 2.47 0.28
      Chikungunya virus
      Age (years)
      1-24 202 1 0.5 Ref
      25-34 388 11 3.0 5.78 0.73 44.6 0.09
      35-44 261 2 0.8 1.5 0.13 17.1 0.72
      45-54 183 4 2.1 4.4 0.48 39.8 0.18
      ≥ 55 201 4 2.0 4.02 0.44 36.2 0.21
      Gender
      Female 720 14 1.9 Ref
      Male 466 7 1.5 0.77 0.3 1.9 0.58
      Residential area
      Bushehr 411 3 0.7 Ref
      Hormozgan 144 9 5.9 8.5 2.287 33.01 0.001
      Sistan & Baluchestan 228 2 0.9 1.2 0.199 7.245 0.841
      Gilan 160 5 3.0 4.2 1.011 18.123 0.048
      Mazandaran 94 1 1.1 1.4 0.150 14.167 0.74
      Khuzestan 198 2 1.0 1.3 0.22 8.3 0.72
      Travelling history (780)
      Yes 225 5 2.2 Ref
      No 741 9 1.2 1.83 0.6 5.5 0.28
      Notes: Ref, the data was set as reference

      Table S1.  Univariate analysis of WNV, DENV and CHIK IgG seroprevalence by age, gender, residential area and travelling history to outside of country.

    • West Nile virus
      Characteristic Negative cases (N) Positive cases (N) Seropositivity (%) OR 95%CI Adjusted P-value
      Age (years)
      1-24 176 27 13.3 Ref
      25-34 325 74 18.5 1.35 0.82 2.21 0.22
      35-44 215 48 18.25 1.45 0.82 2.42 0.152
      45-54 147 40 21.4 1.82 1.8 1.02 0.04
      ≥ 55 158 47 22.9 3.52 1.98 6.26 0.00
      Gender
      Female 590 144 19.6 Ref
      Male 387 86 18.2 0.732 0.497 1.04 0.53
      Residential area
      Bushehr 330 84 20.3 Ref
      Hormozgan 118 35 22.9 1.29 0.8 2.07 0.29
      Sistan & Baluchestan 189 41 17.8 0.85 0.56 1.28 0.44
      Gilan 150 15 9.1 0.25 0.121 0.52 0.000
      Mazandaran 83 12 12.6 0.56 0.29 1.06 0.08
      Khuzestan 151 49 24.5 1.57 1.00 2.45 0.04
      Dengue virus
      Age (years)
      1-24 194 9 4.4 Ref
      25-34 385 14 3.5 0.63 0.26 1.5 0.3
      35-44 243 20 7.6 1.15 0.49 2.7 0.73
      45-54 177 10 5.3 0.65 0.24 1.7 0.4
      ≥ 55 184 21 10.2 2.19 0.92 5.19 0.07
      Gender
      Female 700 34 4.6 Ref
      Male 435 38 8.0 1.17 0.67 2.03 0.56
      Residential area
      Bushehr 388 26 6.3 Ref
      Hormozgan 152 1 0.7 0.12 0.18 0.95 0.04
      Sistan & Baluchestan 220 10 4.3 0.71 0.32 1.55 0.4
      Gilan 154 11 6.7 0.77 0.32 1.8 0.54
      Mazandaran 90 5 5.3 0.91 0.31 2.45 0.84
      Khuzestan 179 21 10.5 1.9 0.95 3.7 0.057
      Chikungunya virus
      Age (years)
      1-24 202 1 0.5 Ref
      25-34 388 11 3.0 5.4 0.68 43.2 0.1
      35-44 261 2 0.8 2.07 0.18 23.7 0.55
      45-54 183 4 2.1 5.7 0.54 60.3 0.14
      ≥ 55 201 4 2.0 4.9 0.44 53.7 0.18
      Gender
      Female 720 14 1.9 Ref
      Male 466 7 1.5 1.05 0.37 3.02 0.91
      Residential area
      Bushehr 411 3 0.7 Ref
      Hormozgan 144 9 5.9 9.0 2.21 36.6 0.001
      Sistan & Baluchestan 228 2 0.9 1.3 0.21 8.15 0.77
      Gilan 160 5 3.0 4.2 0.8 22.86 0.08
      Mazandaran 94 1 1.1 1.4 0.14 13.89 0.74
      Khuzestan 198 2 1.0 1.25 0.19 8.1 0.8
      Notes: Ref, the group was set as reference.

      Table 2.  Multiple univariate analysis for the assessment of factors associated with these arboviruses seropositivity.

    • Species Provinces and Counties Total (N/%) Assay
      Sistan and Baluchestan
      Konarak Sarbaz Khash Chabahar Saravan Zahedan Nikshahr Zabol
      Larvae/Adults L A L A L A L A L A L A L A L A L A
      Cx. perexiguus 0 ND 5 ND 0 ND 70 ND 30 ND 7 ND 9 ND 0 ND 121 (4.64) ND rRT-PCR
      Cx. pipiens complex 0 0 0 ND 0 ND 36 29 1 67 18 ND 0 ND 0 0 55 (2.1) 96 (5.1)
      Cx. theileri 0 ND 0 ND 0 ND 38 ND 0 ND 99 ND 9 ND ND ND 146 (5.6) ND
      Cx. laticinctus ND 0 ND ND ND ND ND 19 ND 10 ND ND ND ND ND 0 ND 29 (1.5)
      Cx. mimeticus 0 ND 0 ND 0 ND 4 ND 71 ND 0 ND 0 ND ND ND 75 (2.9) ND
      Cx. sinaiticus 0 ND 10 ND 0 ND 0 1 0 3 0 ND 0 ND ND 0 12 (0.46) 4 (0.2)
      Cx. sitiens 271 ND 0 ND 0 ND 113 ND 54 ND 0 ND 2 ND ND ND 438 (16.8) ND
      Cx. tritaeniorhynchus 5 0 22 ND 0 ND 184 5 93 2 0 ND 7 ND ND 0 311 (11.9) 7 (2.4)
      Cx. quinquefasciatus 0 ND 300 ND 0 ND 270 ND 410 ND 94 ND 71 ND ND ND 1145 (44) ND
      Cx. bitaeniorhynchus 0 ND 0 ND 0 ND 0 ND 1 ND 0 ND 0 ND ND ND 18 (0.7) ND
      Cs. longiareolata 25 0 1 ND 118 0 12 0 0 3 1 ND 2 ND ND 0 159 (6.1) 3 (0.2)
      Ae. caspius 0 3 0 ND 0 ND 104 150 0 1 9 ND 0 ND ND 45 113 (4.34) 199 (10.6)
      Ae. vexans 0 75 0 ND 0 ND 2 1390 0 0 0 ND 0 ND ND 0 2 (0.08) 1465 (78)
      Ae. falvescens 0 ND 0 ND 0 ND 0 ND 0 ND 2 ND 0 ND ND ND 2 (0.08) ND
      Ae. caballus 0 ND 0 ND 0 ND 1 ND 0 ND 0 ND 0 ND ND ND 1 (0.04) ND
      Ae. unlineatus ND 0 ND ND ND ND ND 1 ND 0 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 1 (0.1)
      Ae. detritus ND 12 ND ND ND ND ND 18 ND 0 ND ND ND ND ND 0 ND 30 (1.6)
      Ae. albopictus 0 0 3 ND 0 ND 0 6 0 0 0 ND 2 ND ND 0 5 (0.19) 6 (0.3)
      Total 301 128 341 ND 118 0 834 1619 677 86 230 ND 102 ND 0 45 2603 1878
      Species Hormozgan Total (N/%) rRT-PCR
      Bandar Abbas Bashagard Sirik Rudan Bastak Bandar Khamir Bandar Lengeh
      L A L A L A L A L A L A L A L A
      Cx. perexiguus 4 ND 0 ND ND ND 0 ND ND ND 0 ND 0 ND 4 (0.3) ND
      Cx. arbieeni 0 ND 2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 0 ND 0 ND 2 (0.1) ND
      Cx. laticinctus ND 0 ND 2 ND 0 ND 0 ND 0 ND 0 ND 0 ND 2 (3.2)
      Cx. pipiens complex 3 0 215 19 ND 0 3 0 ND 0 11 0 0 0 235 (15.7) 19 (30.1)
      Cx. theileri 0 ND 0 ND ND ND 0 ND ND ND 0 ND 155 ND 155 (10.5) ND
      Cx. mimeticus 1 ND 77 ND ND ND 3 ND ND ND 0 ND 0 ND 81 (5.5) ND
      Cx. sinaiticus 0 0 52 3 ND 0 0 0 ND 0 0 0 0 0 52 (3.5) 3 (4.8)
      Cx. tritaeniorhynchus 10 8 61 1 ND 0 0 0 ND 0 34 0 37 0 142 (9.6) 9 (14.3)
      Cx. quinquefasciatus 0 ND 125 ND ND ND 0 ND ND ND 1 ND 9 ND 135 (9.1) ND
      Cs. longiareolata 0 ND 648 ND ND ND 0 ND ND ND 0 ND 0 ND 648 (43.8) ND
      Ae. caspius ND 0 ND 1 ND 5 ND 7 ND 0 ND 5 ND 5 ND 23 (36.5)
      Ae. vexans ND 0 ND 2 ND 0 ND 0 ND 1 ND 0 ND 0 ND 3 (4.8)
      Ae. vittatus ND 0 ND 0 ND 0 ND 0 ND 0 ND 0 ND 4 ND 4 (6.3)
      Ae. caballus 0 ND 1 ND ND ND 0 ND ND ND 0 ND 0 ND 1 (0.1) ND
      Total 18 8 1207 28 ND 5 6 7 ND 1 46 5 201 9 1478 63
      Species Bushehr Total (N/%) rRT-PCR
      Tangestan Dashtestan Bandar Ganaveh Bushehr Bandar Kangan
      L A L A L A L A L A L A
      Cx. perexiguus 22 ND 20 ND ND ND 8 ND 1 ND 45 (4.8) ND
      Cx. hortensis 1 ND 0 ND ND ND 0 ND 0 ND 1 (0.1) ND
      Cx. pusillus ND ND 0 ND ND ND 63 ND 0 ND 63 (5.9) ND
      Cx. pipiens complex 106 0 0 0 ND 6 126 ND 282 28 522 (49.2) 34 (12.1)
      Cx. theileri 0 ND 0 ND ND ND 16 ND 0 ND 16 (1.5) ND
      Cx. mimeticus 22 ND 0 ND ND ND 0 ND 0 ND 22 (2.1) ND
      Cx. laticinctus 0 ND 2 ND ND ND 0 ND 0 ND 2 (0.2) ND
      Cx. sinaiticus ND 1 ND 0 ND 0 ND ND ND 0 ND 1 (0.4)
      Cx. sitiens 0 ND 0 ND ND ND 56 ND 0 ND 56 (5.3) ND
      Cx. tritaeniorhynchus 0 ND 1 ND ND ND 0 ND 4 ND 5 (0.5) ND
      Cx. quinquefasciatus 21 ND 1 ND ND ND 33 ND 25 ND 80 (7.5) ND
      Cs. longiareolata 50 ND 0 ND ND ND 3 ND 9 ND 62 (5.8) ND
      Ur. unguiculata 0 ND 2 ND ND ND 6 ND 0 ND 8 (0.8) ND
      Ae. caspius 15 22 0 86 ND 0 150 117 0 2 165 (15.6) 227 (80.5)
      Ae. vexans 7 2 0 0 ND 0 0 ND 0 0 7 (0.7) 2 (0.7)
      Ae. detritus ND 0 ND 0 ND 0 ND ND ND 18 ND 18 (6.3)
      Total 244 25 26 86 ND 6 461 117 321 48 1060 282
      Species Khuzestan Total (N/%) rRT-PCR
      Abadan Behbahan Shadegan Bandar Mahshahr Hendijan
      L A L A L A L A L A L A
      Cx. perexiguus 0 ND 1 ND 0 ND 0 ND 0 ND 1 (0.2) ND
      Cx. pusillus 0 ND 13 ND 12 ND 0 ND 0 ND 25 (5.1) ND
      Cx. pipiens complex 31 ND 70 ND 86 ND 0 ND 0 ND 187 (33.8) ND
      Cx. theileri 6 ND 7 ND 2 ND 0 ND 0 ND 15 (1.6) ND
      Cx. sitiens 6 ND 0 ND 0 ND 0 ND 0 ND 6 (1.1) ND
      Cx. tritaeniorhynchus 0 ND 112 ND 34 ND 0 ND 11 ND 157 (28.4) ND
      Cx. quinquefasciatus 0 ND 1 ND 57 ND 0 ND 0 ND 58 (10.5) ND
      Ur. ungiuculata 0 ND 6 ND 0 ND 0 ND 0 ND 6 (1.1) ND
      Ae. caspius 20 ND 34 ND 6 ND 41 ND 0 ND 101 (18.2) ND
      Total 57 ND 232 ND 200 ND 41 ND 11 ND 553 ND
      Species Gilan Total (N/%) rRT-PCR
      Langarud Bandar Anzali Lahijan
      L A L A L A L A
      Cx. perexiguus 11 1 14 4 10 2 35 (11.11) 7 (7.53)
      Cx. pipiens complex 37 11 57 21 75 24 169 (53.8) 57 (60.2)
      Cx. theileri 15 6 19 9 10 0 44 (12.42) 15 (16.12)
      Cx. mimeticus 0 ND 3 ND 1 ND 4 (1.3) ND
      Cx. sitiens 4 1 7 3 2 0 13 (4.2) 4 (4.3)
      Cx. tritaeniorhynchus 1 ND 5 ND 2 ND 9 (2.55) ND
      Cx. hortensis 15 3 20 5 5 2 40 (12.7) 10 (10.75)
      Cs. longiareolata 1 ND 2 ND 0 ND 3 (0.96) ND
      Ae. caspius 0 ND 2 ND 0 ND 2 (0.64) -
      Ae. vexans 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 (0.32) 1 (1.1)
      Total 84 22 129 43 101 28 314 93
      Species Mazandaran rRT-PCR
      Chalus Nowshahr Total (N/%)
      L A L A L A
      Cx. perexiguus 37 11 22 6 59 (10.61) 17 (7.7)
      Cx. pipiens complex 115 46 158 71 273 (49.1) 117 (52.94)
      Cx. theileri 45 17 63 24 108 (19.42) 41 (18.55)
      Cx. mimeticus 2 0 5 2 7 (1.26) 2 (0.91)
      Cx. sitiens 27 13 71 28 98 (17.63) 41 (18.55)
      Cx. hortensis 1 0 2 1 3 (0.54) 1 (0.45)
      Cs. longiareolata 3 1 0 0 3 (0.54) 1 (0.45)
      Ae. caspius 5 1 0 0 5 (0.9) 1 (0.45)
      Total 235 89 321 132 556 221
      Abbreviation: L: Larvae; A: Adults; rRT-PCR: Real-time Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction;
      ND: Not determined.

      Table S2.  Distribution of collected mosquito's species in 6 province of Iran.