Figure 6个  Table 4个
    • Group Antigen Doses (per) Primary immunisationa Boost immunisation Immunisation route Challengeb
      PBS-IN PBS 200 μL Day 7 Day 21 Intranasal immunisation Day 35
      PBS-IM PBS 200 μL Day 7 Day 21 Intramuscular injection Day 35
      cVLPs-IN H9/F-cVLPs 40 μg in 200 μL Day 7 Day 21 Intranasal immunisation Day 35
      cVLPs-IM H9/F-cVLPs 40 μg in 200 μL Day 7 Day 21 Intramuscular injection Day 35
      DCpep-cVLPs-IN H9/F-DCpep-cVLPs 40 μg in 200 μL Day 7 Day 21 Intranasal immunisation Day 35
      DCpep-cVLPs-IM H9/F-DCpep-cVLPs 40 μg in 200 μL Day 7 Day 21 Intramuscular injection Day 35
      Commercial vaccine Commercial vaccine 200 μL Day 7 Day 21 Intramuscular injection Day 35
      aSeven-day-old SPF chickens were immunised with different antigens.
      bOn Day 35 (14 days after boosting), immunised groups were challenged with the virulent NDV NA-1 strain, the NDV Herts/33 strain, or the AIV H9N2 A/chicken/Jilin/SJ150/2012 strain via the intranasal or intramuscular route.

      Table 1.  Program of vaccination and challenge.

    • Groupa Oropharyngeal swabs Cloacal swabs
      5 dpc 7 dpc 9 dpc 5 dpc 7 dpc 9 dpc
      PBS-IN 6/6 – – 6/6 – –
      PBS-IM 6/6 – – 6/6 – –
      cVLPs-IN 1/9 0/9 0/9 0/9 0/9 0/9
      cVLPs-IM 1/9 0/9 0/9 0/9 0/9 0/9
      DCpep-cVLPs-IN 0/9 0/9 0/9 0/9 0/9 0/9
      DCpep-cVLPs-IM 1/9 0/9 0/9 0/9 0/9 0/9
      Commercial vaccine 5/9 3/9 0/9 4/9 2/9 0/9
      aThe immunised chickens were challenged with the virulent NDV NA-1 strain. "dpc" represents days post-challenge.
      "–" indicates chickens that died in the PBS-treated groups.

      Table 2.  Detection of virus shedding from oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs after NDV NA-1 strain challenge.

    • Groupa Oropharyngeal swabs Cloacal swabs
      5 dpc 7 dpc 9 dpc 5 dpc 7 dpc 9 dpc
      PBS-IN 6/6 – – 6/6 – –
      PBS-IM 6/6 – – 6/6 – –
      cVLPs-IN 4/9 2/9 0/9 1/9 0/9 0/9
      cVLPs-IM 4/9 2/9 0/9 5/9 1/9 0/9
      DCpep-cVLPs-IN 2/9 0/9 0/9 0/9 0/9 0/9
      DCpep-cVLPs-IM 1/9 1/9 0/9 0/9 0/9 0/9
      Commercial vaccine 7/9 4/9 1/9 3/9 2/9 0/9
      aThe immunised chickens were challenged with the virulent NDV Herts/33 strain. Dpc represents days post-challenge.
      "–" represents chickens that died in the PBS groups.

      Table 3.  Detection of virus shedding from oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs after NDV Herts/33 strain challenge.

    • Groupa Oropharyngeal swabs Cloacal swabs
      5 dpc 7 dpc 9 dpc 5 dpc 7 dpc 9 dpc
      PBS-IN 6/6 6/6 6/6 6/6 6/6 6/6
      PBS-IM 7/7 7/7 7/7 7/7 7/7 7/7
      cVLPs-IN 1/9 0/9 0/9 0/9 0/9 0/9
      cVLPs-IM 2/9 1/9 0/9 0/9 0/9 0/9
      DCpep-cVLPs-IN 0/9 0/9 0/9 0/9 0/9 0/9
      DCpep-cVLPs-IM 1/9 0/9 0/9 0/9 0/9 0/9
      Commercial vaccine 2/9 1/9 0/9 1/9 0/9 0/9
      aThe immunised chickens were challenged with the AIV H9N2 A/chicken/Jilin/SJ150/2012 strain. "dpc" represents days postchallenge.

      Table 4.  Detection of virus shedding from oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs after AIV H9N2 challenge.