• Allen, S.E., Rothenburger, J.L., Jardine, C.M., Ambagala, A., Hooper-McGrevy, K., Colucci, N., Furukawa-Stoffer, T., Vigil, S., Ruder, M., Nemeth, N.M., 2019. Epizootic hemorrhagic disease in white-tailed deer, Canada. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 25, 832–834.

  • Anthony, S.J., Maan, N., Maan, S., Sutton, G., Attoui, H., Mertens, P.P., 2009a. Genetic and phylogenetic analysis of the core proteins VP1, VP3, VP4, VP6 and VP7 of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV). Virus Res. 145, 187–199.

  • Anthony, S.J., Maan, S., Maan, N., Kgosana, L., Bachanek-Bankowska, K., Batten, C., Darpel, K.E., Sutton, G., Attoui, H., Mertens, P.P., 2009b. Genetic and phylogenetic analysis of the outer-coat proteins VP2 and VP5 of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV): comparison of genetic and serological data to characterise the EHDV serogroup. Virus Res. 145, 200–210.

  • Aradaib, I.E., Mederos, R.A., Osburn, B.I., 2005. Evaluation of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus infection in sentinel calves from the San Joaquin Valley of California.Vet. Res. Commun. 29, 447–451.

  • Breard, E., Sailleau, C., Hamblin, C., Graham, S.D., Gourreau, J.M., Zientara, S., 2004.Outbreak of epizootic haemorrhagic disease on the island of Reunion. Vet. Rec. 155, 422–423.

  • Campbell, C.H., St George, T.D., 1986. A preliminary report of a comparison of epizootic haemorrhagic disease viruses from Australia with others from north America, Japan and Nigeria. Aust. Vet. J. 63, 233.

  • Casey, C.L., Rathbun, S.L., Stallknecht, D.E., Ruder, M.G., 2021. Spatial analysis of the 2017 outbreak of hemorrhagic disease and physiographic region in the eastern United States. Viruses 13, 550.

  • Cetre-Sossah, C., Roger, M., Sailleau, C., Rieau, L., Zientara, S., Breard, E., Viarouge, C., Beral, M., Esnault, O., Cardinale, E., 2014. Epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus in Reunion Island: evidence for the circulation of a new serotype and associated risk factors. Vet. Microbiol. 170, 383–390.

  • Cottingham, S.L., White, Z.S., Wisely, S.M., Campos-Krauer, J.M., 2021. A mortality-based description of EHDV and BTV prevalence in farmed white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Florida, USA. Viruses 13, 1443.

  • Dommergues, L., Viarouge, C., Metras, R., Youssouffi, C., Sailleau, C., Zientara, S., Cardinale, E., Cetre-Sossah, C., 2019. Evidence of bluetongue and epizootic haemorrhagic disease circulation on the island of Mayotte. Acta Trop. 191, 24–28.

  • Dunbar, M.R., Cunningham, M.W., Roof, J.C., 1998. Seroprevalence of selected disease agents from free-ranging black bears in Florida. J. Wildl. Dis. 34, 612–619.

  • Golender, N., Bumbarov, V.Y., 2019. Detection of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 1, Israel. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 25, 825–827.

  • Gordon, S.J.G., Bolwell, C., Rogers, C.W., Musuka, G., Kelly, P., Guthrie, A., Mellor, P.S., Hamblin, C., 2017. A serosurvey of bluetongue and epizootic haemorrhagic disease in a convenience sample of sheep and cattle herds in Zimbabwe. Onderstepoort J. Vet.Res. 84, e1–e5.

  • Greene, C.S., Tan, J., Ung, M., Moore, J.H., Cheng, C., 2014. Big data bioinformatics.J. Cell. Physiol. 229, 1896–1900.

  • Hirashima, Y., Kato, T., Yamakawa, M., Shirafuji, H., Okano, R., Yanase, T., 2015.Reemergence of Ibaraki disease in southern Japan in 2013. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 77, 1253–1259.

  • Kamomae, Y., Kamomae, M., Ohta, Y., Nabe, M., Kagawa, Y., Ogura, Y., Kato, T., Tanaka, S., Yanase, T., Shirafuji, H., 2018. Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 6 infection in cattle, Japan, 2015. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 24, 902–905.

  • Kato, T., Shirafuji, H., Tanaka, S., Sato, M., Yamakawa, M., Tsuda, T., Yanase, T., 2016.Bovine arboviruses in Culicoides biting midges and sentinel cattle in southern Japan from 2003 to 2013. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 63, e160–e172.

  • Kedmi, M., Galon, N., Herziger, Y., Yadin, H., Bombarov, V., Batten, C., Shpigel, N.Y., Klement, E., 2011. Comparison of the epidemiology of epizootic haemorrhagic disease and bluetongue viruses in dairy cattle in Israel. Vet. J. 190, 77–83.

  • Li, M., Zheng, Y., Zhao, G., Fu, S., Wang, D., Wang, Z., Liang, G., 2014. Tibet Orbivirus, a novel Orbivirus species isolated from Anopheles maculatus mosquitoes in Tibet, China.PLoS One 9, e88738.

  • Li, X.C., 1990. The first research of diagnostic method for deer epizootic hemorrhagic disease. Anim. Health Insp. 9, 3–6 (in Chinese).

  • Lortie, C.J., Braun, J., Filazzola, A., Miguel, F., 2020. A checklist for choosing between R packages in ecology and evolution. Ecol. Evol. 10, 1098–1105.

  • Ma, J.G., Zhang, X.X., Zheng, W.B., Xu, Y.T., Zhu, X.Q., Hu, G.X., Zhou, D.H., 2017.Seroprevalence and risk factors of bluetongue virus infection in Tibetan sheep and yaks in Tibetan Plateau. China. Biomed. Res. Int. 5139703.

  • Maan, N.S., Maan, S., Potgieter, A.C., Wright, I.M., Belaganahalli, M., Mertens, P.P.C., 2017. Development of real-time RT-PCR assays for detection and typing of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 64, 1120–1132.

  • Maan, N.S., Maan, S., Nomikou, K., Johnson, D.J., El Harrak, M., Madani, H., Yadin, H., Incoglu, S., Yesilbag, K., Allison, A.B., Stallknecht, D.E., Batten, C., Anthony, S.J., Mertens, P.P., 2010. RT-PCR assays for seven serotypes of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus & their use to type strains from the Mediterranean region and north America. PLoS One 5, e12782.

  • Maclachlan, N.J., Zientara, S., Savini, G., Daniels, P.W., 2015. Epizootic haemorrhagic disease. Rev. Sci. Tech. 34, 341–351.

  • Mahmoud, A., Danzetta, M.L., di Sabatino, D., Spedicato, M., Alkhatal, Z., Dayhum, A., Tolari, F., Forzan, M., Mazzei, M., Savini, G., 2021. First seroprevalence investigation of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus in Libya. Open Vet. J. 11, 301–308.

  • McGill, R., Tukey, J.W., Larsen, W.A., 1978. Variations of box plots. Am. Statistician 32, 12–16.

  • Mejri, S., Dhaou, S.B., Jemli, M., Breard, E., Sailleau, C., Sghaier, S., Zouari, M., Lorusso, A., Savini, G., Zientara, S., Hammami, S., 2018. Epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus circulation in Tunisia. Vet. Ital. 54, 87–90.

  • Mellor, P.S., Boorman, J., Baylis, M., 2000. Culicoides biting midges: their role as arbovirus vectors. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 45, 307–340.

  • Miller, M., Buss, P., Joubert, J., Maseko, N., Hofmeyr, M., Gerdes, T., 2011. Serosurvey for selected viral agents in white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) in Kruger national park, 2007. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 42, 29–32.

  • Ohashi, S., Yoshida, K., Watanabe, Y., Tsuda, T., 1999. Identification and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of a variant of the Ibaraki virus from naturally infected cattle and aborted fetuses in Japan. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37, 3800–3803.

  • OIE, 2021. Epizootic haemorrhagic disease (infection with epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus. https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/3.01.0 7_EHD.pdf. (Accessed 25 February 2022).

  • Omori, T., Inaba, Y., Morimoto, T., Tanaka, Y., Ishitani, R., 1969. Ibaraki virus, an agent of epizootic disease of cattle resembling bluetongue. I. Epidemiologic, clinical and pathologic observations and experimental transmission to calves. Jpn. J. Microbiol. 13, 139–157.

  • Qi, Y., Wang, F., Chang, J., Zhang, Y., Zhu, J., Li, H., Yu, L., 2019. Identification and complete-genome phylogenetic analysis of an epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 7 strain isolated in China. Arch. Virol. 164, 3121–3126.

  • Raabis, S.M., Byers, S.R., Han, S., Callan, R.J., 2014. Epizootic hemorrhagic disease in a yak. Can. Vet. J. 55, 369–372.

  • Roy, P., 2007. Orbiviruses. In: Knipe, D.M., Howley, P.M. (Eds.), Fields Virology, fifth ed., vol. 2. Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 2541–2568.

  • Sailleau, C., Zanella, G., Breard, E., Viarouge, C., Desprat, A., Vitour, D., Adam, M., Lasne, L., Martrenchar, A., Bakkali-Kassimi, L., Costes, L., Zientara, S., 2012. Cocirculation of bluetongue and epizootic haemorrhagic disease viruses in cattle in Reunion Island. Vet. Microbiol. 155, 191–197.

  • Savini, G., Afonso, A., Mellor, P., Aradaib, I., Yadin, H., Sanaa, M., Wilson, W., Monaco, F., Domingo, M., 2011. Epizootic heamorragic disease. Res. Vet. Sci. 91, 1–17.

  • Shirafuji, H., Kato, T., Yamakawa, M., Tanaka, T., Minemori, Y., Yanase, T., 2017.Characterization of genome segments 2, 3 and 6 of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus strains isolated in Japan in 1985-2013: identification of their serotypes and geographical genetic types. Infect. Genet. Evol. 53, 38–46.

  • Shope, R.E., Macnamara, L.G., Mangold, R., 1960. A virus-induced epizootic hemorrhagic disease of the Virginia white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). J. Exp. Med. 111, 155–170.

  • Temizel, E.M., Yesilbag, K., Batten, C., Senturk, S., Maan, N.S., Mertens, P.P.C., Batmaz, H., 2009. Epizootic hemorrhagic disease in cattle, western Turkey. Emerg.Infect. Dis. 15, 317–319.

  • Toye, P.G., Batten, C.A., Kiara, H., Henstock, M.R., Edwards, L., Thumbi, S., Poole, E.J., Handel, I.G., Bronsvoort, B.M., Hanotte, O., Coetzer, J.A., Woolhouse, M.E., Oura, C.A., 2013. Bluetongue and epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus in local breeds of cattle in Kenya. Res. Vet. Sci. 94, 769–773.

  • Verdezoto, J., Breard, E., Viarouge, C., Quenault, H., Lucas, P., Sailleau, C., Zientara, S., Augot, D., Zapata, S., 2018. Novel. Serotype of bluetongue virus in south America and first report of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus in Ecuador. Transbound Emerg Dis 65, 244–247.

  • Wilson, A., Mellor, P., 2008. Bluetongue in europe: vectors, epidemiology and climate change. Parasitol. Res. 103 (Suppl. 1), S69–S77.

  • Xue, D.M., Zhang, G.X., Liu, A.D., Zhang, Q.Y., Li, D.C., Guo, Y.Z., Huang, D.J., Yang, B.S., 1987. Suspicious Ibaraki disease in cattle. J. Anim. Sci. Vet. Med. 6, 43–44 (in Chinese).

  • Yamamoto, K., Hiromatsu, R., Kaida, M., Kato, T., Yanase, T., Shirafuji, H., 2021. Isolation of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 7 from cattle showing fever in Japan in 2016 and improvement of a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay to detect epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 83, 1378–1388.

  • Yanase, T., Murota, K., Hayama, Y., 2020. Endemic and emerging arboviruses in domestic ruminants in east Asia. Front. Vet. Sci. 7, 168.

  • Yang, H., Li, Z., Wang, J., Yang, Z., Liao, D., Zhu, J., Li, H., 2020. Novel. Serotype of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, China. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 26, 3081–3083.

  • Yang, Z., Lyu, M., Zhu, P., Yang, H., Xiao, L., Liao, D., Xie, J., Zhu, J., Li, H., 2019. Seroantibody investigation of epizootic haemorrhagic disease of cattle and sheep in China. Chin. J. Prev. Vet. Med. 41, 29–34 (in Chinese).

  • Zhang, Y.X., Lin, J., Cao, Y.Y., Zhu, J.B., Du, Y.C., Yang, Z.X., Yao, J., Li, H.C., Wu, J.M., 2016. Investigation of the serotypes of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus and analysis of their distribution in Guangxi. Shanghai J. Anim. Husb. Vet. Med. 61, 19–21 (in Chinese).

  • Zhu, J., Yang, Z., Xiao, L., Gao, L., Miao, H., He, Y., Meng, J., Yang, H., Li, H., 2018. Establishment of a rapid competitive ELISA for detecting antibodies against epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus. Acta Vet. Zootech. Sin. 49, 1440–1450 (in Chinese).