• Bonnin A, Danneels A, Dubuisson J, Goffard A, Belouzard S. 2018. HCoV-229E spike protein fusion activation by trypsin-like serine proteases is mediated by proteolytic processing in the S2' region. Journal of General Virology 99: 908-912.

  • Burkard C, Verheije MH, Wicht O, van Kasteren SI, van Kuppeveld FJ, Haagmans BL, Pelkmans L, Rottier PJM, Bosch BJ, de Haan CAM. 2014. Coronavirus Cell Entry Occurs through the Endo-/Lysosomal Pathway in a Proteolysis-Dependent Manner. Plos Pathogens 10, e1004502.

  • Casassus B. 2025. MERS: France confirms first cases in 12 years. BMJ-British Medical Journal 391, r2577.

  • Chen J, Yang XL, Si HR, Gong QC, Que TC, Li J, Li Y, Wu CG, Zhang W, Chen Y, Luo Y, Zhu Y, Li B, Luo DS, Hu B, Lin HF, Jiang RD, Jiang TT, Li Q, Liu MQ, Xie SZ, Su J, Zheng XS, Li A, Yao YL, Yang Y, Chen PY, Wu AQ, He MH, Lin XH, Tong YG, Hu YL, Shi ZL, Zhou P. 2023. A bat MERS-like coronavirus circulates in pangolins and utilizes human DPP4 and host proteases for cell entry. Cell 186: 850-863.

  • Hassan AM, Muhlemann B, Al-Subhi TL, Rodon J, El-Kafrawy SA, Memish Z, Melchert J, Bleicker T, Mauno T, Perlman S, Zumla A, Jones TC, Muller MA, Corman VM, Drosten C, Azhar EI. 2025. Ongoing Evolution of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, Saudi Arabia, 2023-2024. Emerging Infectious Diseases 31: 57-65.

  • Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Kruger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, Schiergens TS, Herrler G, Wu NH, Nitsche A, Muller MA, Drosten C, Pohlmann S. 2020. SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor. Cell 181: 271-280.

  • Karani A, Ombok C, Situma S, Breiman R, Mureithi M, Jaoko W, Njenga MK, Ngere I. 2025. Low-Level Zoonotic Transmission of Clade C MERS-CoV in Africa: Insights from Scoping Review and Cohort Studies in Hospital and Community Settings. Viruses-Basel 17, 125.

  • Kleine-Weber H, Elzayat MT, Hoffmann M, Pohlmann S. 2018. Functional analysis of potential cleavage sites in the MERS-coronavirus spike protein. Scientific Reports 8, 16597.

  • Lau SKP, Li KSM, Li X, Tsang KY, Sridhar S, Woo PCY. 2022. Fatal Pneumonia Associated With a Novel Genotype of Human Coronavirus OC43. Frontiers in Microbiology 12, 795449.

  • Millet JK, Goldstein ME, Labitt RN, Hsu HL, Daniel S, Whittaker GR. 2016. A camel-derived MERS-CoV with a variant spike protein cleavage site and distinct fusion activation properties. Emerging Microbes & Infections 5, e126.

  • Millet JK, Whittaker GR. 2014. Host cell entry of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus after two-step, furin-mediated activation of the spike protein. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111: 15214-15219.

  • Raj VS, Mou HH, Smits SL, Dekkers DHW, Muller MA, Dijkman R, Muth D, Demmers JAA, Zaki A, Fouchier RAM, Thiel V, Drosten C, Rottier PJM, Osterhaus ADME, Bosch BJ, Haagmans BL. 2013. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is a functional receptor for the emerging human coronavirus-EMC. Nature, 495: 251-254.

  • Su S, Wong G, Shi WF, Liu J, Lai ACK, Zhou JY, Liu WJ, Bi YH, Gao GF. 2016. Epidemiology, Genetic Recombination, and Pathogenesis of Coronaviruses. Trends in Microbiology, 24: 490-502.

  • Xia S, Jiao FK, Chen J, Wang LJ, Lu TY, Wang Q, Xu W, Wang XL, Sun F, Zhi Y, Zhou P, Jiang SB, Lu L. 2025. MERS-related coronavirus circulating in pangolins exhibits strong fusogenicity in human cells and high sensitivity to fusion inhibitors. Cell Reports Medicine, 6, 102277.

  • Zaki AM, van Boheemen S, Bestebroer TM, Osterhaus ADME, Fouchier RAM. 2012. Isolation of a Novel Coronavirus from a Man with Pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. New England Journal of Medicine, 367: 1814-1820.

  • Zhou H, Chen X, Hu T, Li J, Song H, Liu YR, Wang PH, Liu D, Yang J, Holmes EC, Hughes AC, Bi YH, Shi WF. 2020. A Novel Bat Coronavirus Closely Related to SARS-CoV-2 Contains Natural Insertions at the S1/S2 Cleavage Site of the Spike Protein (vol 30, 2196.e1, 2020). Current Biology, 30: 3896-3896.