Figure 2个  Table 2个
    • Human monocyte Classical Intermediate Non-classical
      Surface markers CD14++CD16- CD14++CD16+ CD14+CD16++
      Percentage (normal range) 80%–95% 2%–11% 2%–8%
      Chemokine receptor CCR2high CX3CR1low
      CD62L+      		 CCR2mid CX3CR1high
      CCR5+      		 CCR2low
      CX3CR1high
      Function Phagocytosis and immune response
      Linked to normal immune response      		 Pro-inflammatory
      Linked to CVD, chronic inflammatory disease and HIV      		 Patrolling and anti inflammatory
      Inflammation and HIV infection
      Resemble mouse subsets Ly6C+ Ly6C+ Ly6C-
      Adhesion molecules CD62L expression High Low Low
      Response to LPS High IL-10 & low TNF-α levels IL-1β and TNF-α Low IL-10 and high TNF-α levels
      Gene signature Induction of T cell proliferation Links to T cell activation and antigen presentation Correlates with T cell activation
      Viral load (HIV) Decrease with HIV-1 infection Positive correlation Positive correlation
      CD4 Positive correlation Negative correlation Negative correlation
      TF/HIV infection Low expression Increased expression Increased expression
      D-dimer/HIV ND Positive correlation Positive correlation
      Data compiled from: Funderburg et al.(2010, 2012); Wong et al. (2011); Woollard and Geissmann (2010); Yang et al. (2014); and Ziegler-Heitbrock(2007, 2015).
      CCR: Chemokine receptor; CX3CR1: CX3C chemokine receptor 1; ND: Not determined; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; LPS: Lipopolysaccharides; Ly6: Lymphocyte antigen 6 C; TF: Tissue factor; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha.

      Table 1.  Comparative analysis of the three described monocyte cell subpopulations.

    • Non-pathogenic species (e.g. African Green Monkey) Pathogenic species (e.g. Rhesus macaque)
      Stable viral replication High viral replication
      Normal level of immune activation and apoptosis High level of immune activation and apoptosis
      Restoration of CD4 T cells in peripheral blood and intestine No restoration of CD4 T cells
      Lower levels of CCR5 expressing CD4 T cells, with lack of disease progression Higher levels of CCR5 expressing CD4 T cells, with disease progression
      Preservation of immune cell subset function Abnormal immune cell subset function
      Lack of microbial translocation, with absence of aberrant immune activation High levels of microbial translocation, with aberrant immune cell activation
      Establishment of early anti-inflammatory milieu Lack of early anti-inflammatory role
      Early interferon response drops off Early interferon response continues
      CD169 expression decreases on monocytes CD169 expression increases on monocytes
      Reduced activation Chronic activation

      Table 2.  Non-pathogenic vs. pathogenic models of simian immunodeficiency virus.