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To assess the serological characteristics of EVD patients or exposed individuals in Sierra Leone during the late phase of the Ebola outbreak, IgG and IgM antibody levels of submitted specimens were detected and analyzed. Owing to the lack of FDA-licensed commercial serological kits during the outbreak, two in-house developed methods (ELISA and Luminex) were applied for serological analysis. EBOV-specific antibodies were tested for all the 877 specimens with EBOV human IgM capture ELISA kit (Fig. 2A upper) and IgG ELISA kit (Fig. 2A lower). In total, 340 RNA-negative samples were randomly selected and assessed for the presence of IgM or IgG against EBOV NP, VP40, and GP, via multiplex Luminex assays (Fig. 2B). As shown in Fig. 2, significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed in titers of IgM or IgG to EBOV NP between suspected EBOV patient samples and samples from healthy Chinese individuals. EBOV NP-specific IgM or IgG were not detected in all clinical specimens of healthy Chinese donors and simulated control samples of non-EBOV virus infection (data not shown). IgM and IgG antibodies to EBOV NP were detected in 7.75% (68/877) and 25.54% (224/877) of samples of suspected EVD patients, respectively, upon ELISA (Fig. 2A, Table 1); 7.64% (26/340) and 23.53% (80/340), respectively, upon Luminex (Fig. 2A, Table 1). In addition, via multiplex Luminex assays, EBOV VP40-specific IgM and IgG were detected in 11.5% (39/340) and 27.1% (92/340) of suspected EVD patients, respectively; antibodies targeting GP were detected in 3.2% (11/340) for IgM and 28.8% (98/340) for IgG (Fig. 2B, Table 1).
Figure 2. Evaluation of ELISA and Luminex results to detect Ebola virus (EBOV)-specific IgM/IgG. (A) In total, 877 specimens were assessed for EBOV-specific human IgM, using capture ELISA kit (upper) and IgG ELISA assays (lower). The Y-axis represents optical density (OD) values at 450 nm. (B) In total, 340 samples, selected randomly on the basis of RNA-negative samples, were detected using IgM and IgG Luminex assays for NP (left), VP40 (middle), and GP (right). The Y-axis represents the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) values per 100 beads. Arithmetic mean and the standard deviation (STD) values are shown in each figure. Filled square represents specimens from suspected patients; Filled teiangle, health donors. Statistical comparisons between groups are analyzed using two-tailed unpaired t-tests with SPSS 23. A P-value less than 0.05 is considered statistically significant (P < 0.05 is represent as *)
Table 1. IgM/IgG antibodies detected via ELISA and Luminex.
To evaluate the coherence of ELISA and Luminex methods, the paired results of 340 specimens from suspected patients and 96 healthy specimens were analyzed using McNemar-Bowker's test, with SPSS 23.0. As shown in Table 2, among 436 samples, 21 were positive and 402 were negative, verified via both ELISA and Luminex for IgM antibody, indicating a consistency of 97.0% (χ2 = 0.31, p > 0.05) between these two methods. Furthermore, among 436 samples, 62 were positive and 328 were negative upon combinatorial analysis of ELISA and Luminex for IgG, thereby revealing a consistency of 89.4% (χ2 = 2.17, p > 0.05) between these results. ELISA and Luminex results were not significantly different in terms of detecting NP-specific IgM and IgG.
Table 2. Comparison of the results of ELISA and Luminex for serological detection of Ebola-specific IgM and IgG.
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To better understand the temporal distribution of EBOV viral and serological characteristics in the late phase of the Ebola outbreak, 877 specimens derived from 694 patients were assessed via real-time RT-PCR analysis for EBOV viral RNA and ELISA-based NP-specific IgM and IgG. The results were further analyzed and displayed chronologically (Fig. 3). Figure 3A shows the number of blood samples collected on a monthly basis from March to December, 2015, most of which were collected between March and October, thereafter decreasing drastically to < 10 in the last 2 months of the study. This trend is consistent with the timeline of this Ebola outbreak. Among all 877 samples, 68 (7.8%) were EBOV RNA-positive, as detected via real-time RT-PCR. The positive detection rate of viral RNA remained somewhat constant from March to July and then decreased to zero as early as August till the final month of the study (Fig. 3B). Regarding IgM detection, the positive detection rate was 7.8% (68/877) overall, primarily distributed in the first 6 months; thereafter, it was not detected after October 2015 (Fig. 3C). Furthermore, the positive detection rate of IgG in the later phase approached 25% (224/877) and remained somewhat constant till the near end of the study (Fig. 3D). Overall, in the late phase of the Ebola outbreak, specimens from the suspected Ebola patients showed a declining trend of positive rates for EBOV viral RNA, and EBOV NP-specific IgM/IgG. As early as August, the monthly rate of positive RNA detection decreased to zero, with no further turnover, while IgM or IgG in those samples persisted until end in October or December, respectively.
Figure 3. Temporal distribution of RNA and IgM/IgG antibodies in 877 specimens, detected from March to December 2015. (A) In total, 877 specimens are shown in accordance with the date of specimen collection (from March to December). One black bar represents one sample. Specimen frequency per month is denoted by the size of the grey pie charts. (B) In total, 877 specimens were assessed via RTPCR to distinguish RNA-positive samples from RNA-negative samples. One purple bar represents one RNA-positive sample. Rates of positive RNA detection per month are denoted by the purple portions in the grey pie charts. (C) Specimens are assessed for the presence of IgM. One green bar represents one IgM-positive sample. Rate of positive IgM detection per month is denoted by the grey portion of the pie chart; green, IgM-positive samples. (D) Samples assessed for the presence of IgG. One blue bar represents one IgG-positive sample. Rate of positive IgG detection per month is denoted by the blue portion in the grey pie chart.
Furthermore, we compared the positive detection rates of NP-specific IgM and IgG in 31 confirmed EVD patients with 663 suspected patients not harboring EBOV viral RNA throughout the study. As shown in Fig. 4, among the 31 confirmed EVD patients, IgM was produced in 18 (58.1%) and IgG was produced in 29 (93.5%), except for one patient who's sample collected on day 2 after symptom onset (Fig. 4A); however, among the 663 suspected patients with RNA-negative samples, IgM and IgG were produced in only 25 (3.8%) and 118 (17.8%) patients, respectively (Fig. 4B).
Figure 4. Temporal distribution of confirmed and suspected patients displaying positive detection rates for IgM/IgG from March to December 2015. (A) Confirmed patients with IgM positive (upper) and IgG positive (lower) samples are shown in accordance with the date of specimen collection. (B) Suspected patients with IgM-positive (upper) and IgG-positive (lower) samples. The Y-axis represents the confirmed patients (upper) with their designated patient numbers. Each lateral line represents one patient. One green block represents one IgM-positive sample; blue block, IgG-positive sample; a series of specimens from one patient are shown laterally.
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To understand the dynamic changes in viremia and IgM/IgG antibody responses during EBOV infection, we analyzed 95 specimens from 31 confirmed EVD patients. Figure 5A shows the results for detection of RNA, IgM, and IgG for each patient (P1–P31, Y-axis) along with the time since disease onset (X-axis). In these 31 cases, viral RNA could be detected as early as on day 1 (P1) after disease onset, and as late as day 36 post disease onset (Fig. 5A left panel); while for IgM detection, only 58.0% (18/31) EVD patients produced IgM antibodies, which was detectable from day 2 to 28 after disease onset. IgM was not produced in approximately 42% of the patients (13/31) (Fig. 5A middle panel); except for one sample collected on day 2 post disease onset and one sample without sufficient information during collection, almost all confirmed EVD patients presented EBOV-specific IgG, which could be detected from the acute phase to the covalent phase (Fig. 5A right panel). Unfortunately, clinical data of 13 of these patients were unclear or inadequate; their results were presented up at the right side of each picture in Fig. 5A.
Figure 5. Dynamic changes in viremia and IgM/IgG responses in 31 confirmed patients with Ebola virus disease. (A) RNA detection and measurement of IgM and IgG titers were performed in accordance with the days of symptom onset. The Y-axis represents 31 confirmed patients. The X-axis represents days of symptom onset. Each lateral line represents one patient. One block represents one sample: purple, RNA detection results of one specimen (left); green, IgM (middle); blue, IgG (right). Black dots represent negative results. (B) Dynamic detection of Ebola viral load and IgM and IgG titers in confirmed patients. Eight patients with more than four longitudinal samples during their disease course were selected. The dynamic trends of Ebola-related viremia and IgM/IgG responses in each patient were further analyzed and shown in accordance with the days of symptom onset. Purple lines represent dynamic changes in viremia; green lines, IgM; blue lines, IgG. The X-axis represents days from disease onset; left-Y-axis represents mean OD450, right-Y-axis represents viral load (log–1).
Furthermore, to better describe the longitudinal changes in viremia and antibody responses, we analyzed the serological data of eight patients from whom samples were obtained more than four different time points during their disease course, and the viral RNA load in the patients' blood was also determined via real-time RT-PCR (Fig. 5B). In general, all eight patients developed viremia in the acute phase of EVD and displayed continuous IgG responses throughout the study. They presented with typical viremia and a trend of antibody response to EBOV infection, wherein viral load rapidly increased in the first week and decreased until clearance after approximately 2 weeks since disease onset. However, the IgG response was initiated at the beginning of the EVD course. Along with elimination of viral RNA, IgG titers increased and peaked at approximately 10 days post symptom onset and persisted for approximately 2 weeks (Fig. 5B). We also noticed a weak IgM response in most patients, except for patients P3 and P10, wherein IgM was not undetectable. Patient P9 was the only fatality in this study. Although both IgM and IgG responses were triggered in P9, viral load approached 5.67 × 105 copies/mL (Ct value 19.79) on day 2 and persisted at a high level at 813 copies/mL (Ct value 30.01) on day 13 after symptom onset; viral load in the other 7 survivors decreased to approximately 100 copies/mL within 2 weeks and were undetectable thereafter.