自1947年从乌干达的Zika森林中首次分离到寨卡病毒（ZIKV）以来，它被认为是一种温和型病原体，仅在少数非洲国家造成散发感染。然而， 2015-2016年间，亚洲家系的寨卡病毒在美洲引起史无前例的大暴发，并且在全球范围内造成大量输出性病例。在这篇综述中，我们对寨卡病毒分子流行病学研究进展进行了评述，强调了基因组监测在亚洲系寨卡病毒的起源以及该病毒在亚洲和美洲的传播和进化研究中所起的关键作用。

黄病毒科病毒依靠节肢动物传播，是医学界最重要的新兴病毒之一。有研究报道，宿主细胞的细胞骨架体系在黄病毒科病毒入侵、胞内转运、复制和释放过程起着重要作用，但是其中详细的分子作用机制目前仍不清楚。本文就现有的一些文献报道，主要聚焦到登革病毒（DENV）、寨卡病毒（ZIKV）和西尼罗河病毒（WNV）感染，简要概述主要的黄病毒在感染过程中诱导、劫持或利用的细胞骨架体系，包括微丝、微管和中间纤维。我们认为病毒和宿主细胞骨架间的相互作用是一个有趣的未来研究领域。

We describe the first genome isolation of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Kenya. This fatal zoonotic pathogen was first described in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 2012. Epidemiological and molecular evidence revealed zoonotic transmission from camels to humans and between humans. Currently, MERS-CoV is classified by the WHO as having high pandemic potential requiring greater surveillance. Previous studies of MERS-CoV in Kenya mainly focused on site-specific and archived camel and human serum samples for antibodies. We conducted active nationwide cross-sectional surveillance of camels and humans in Kenya, targeting both nasal swabs and plasma samples from 1,163 camels and 486 humans collected from January 2016 to June 2018. A total of 792 camel plasma samples were positive by ELISA. Seroprevalence increased with age, and the highest prevalence was observed in adult camels (82.37%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 79.50–84.91). More female camels were significantly seropositive (74.28%, 95% CI 71.14–77.19) than male camels (Porf4b in African viruses. None of the human plasma screened contained neutralizing antibodies against MERS-CoV. This study confirms the geographically widespread occurrence of MERS-CoV in Kenyan camels. Further one-health surveillance approaches in camels, wildlife, and human populations are needed.

The 2018 Medicine Nobel Prize was awarded jointly to two immunologists, James P. Allison at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston and Tasuku Honjo at Kyoto University in Japan, who pioneered a new way to treat cancers (Ledford et al. 2018). Both Laureates have shown how so called "immune checkpoints" on T cells can be used to manipulate the immune responses so that T cells can efficiently attack cancer cells. Using the immune system to fight cancers has been investigated for more than a 100 years. Recent advances in cancer immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint blockade therapy have dramatically changed the therapeutic strategy against advanced cancers. Through inhibiting negative immune regulation, these approaches have demonstrated improved overall survival for patients with advanced cancers. Importantly, for some of the patients treated with such strategies, their tumors seem to totally disappear.

Influenza is one of the oldest infectious diseases affecting humans. Every influenza pandemic in history has ended with disastrous outcomes regarding public health and the social economy. This year marks the 100th anniversary of the Spanish flu (H1N1) outbreak of 1918, which is recognized as the most lethal natural event in recent history. In spite of limited travel and transportation at that time, the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918 reached peak activity on multiple continents simultaneously within several months after its emergence in late 1917 from different hypothesized origins, such as US military camps, the state of Kansas, or the troop staging and hospital camp in étaples, France (Patterson and Pyle 1991; Oxford et al. 2005; Shanks 2016). However, in some islands of the Pacific region, such as in New Caledonia, the pandemic’s lethal effects lasted for over 3 years, until July 1921 (Shanks et al. 2018). The pandemic flu is estimated to have infected more than 500 million people, causing between 50 and 100 million deaths globally (Patterson and Pyle 1991; Guan et al. 2010). The evidence suggests that most pandemicrelated deaths were not caused by the direct pathological effects of the influenza virus, but rather by the lethal effects of secondary bacterial pneumonia (Chien et al. 2009).

乙型肝炎病毒感染仍然是当前全球性的公共卫生问题，本篇文章讨论了细胞凋亡抑制蛋白cIAPs作为乙肝功能性治愈新靶点的合理性和可能性，同时介绍了正在进行的cIAPs拮抗剂APG-1387治疗慢乙肝患者的1期临床试验。

Joel Dudley及其同事在神经学领域国际顶级杂志《Neuron》7月11日在线发表了一项最新研究结果显示了，HHV-6A和HHV-7均可能是阿兹海默症AD的重要致病因子。然而，鉴于各种生物学和相关技术局限性，我们回顾了仅目前数据情况下确定HHV-6A和HHV-7感染与AD之间病因关系的复杂性，并着重展望了未来后续工作潜在的研究方向。

尼帕病毒是一种危害极大的人兽共患病病毒，属于副粘病毒科亨尼帕病毒属。由于其在人类的高致病性且缺乏有效的疫苗或治疗方法，因此被归类为生物安全4级病原。自1998年在马来西亚首次出现以来，尼帕病毒已经导致了数百人死亡，严重威胁着家畜和人类健康。流行病学调查显示，尼帕病毒由其自然宿主蝙蝠传播，现已分布在亚洲、非洲和南太平洋。目前科学家们已针对病毒蛋白质的功能和结构进行了大量的研究，希望借此开发出有效的抗病毒药物。同时，对尼帕病毒的流行病学监测也亟待加强。

蜱虫是重要的病原传播媒介，其传播的病毒被称为蜱传病毒（TBVs），具有丰富的遗传多样性。已知的蜱传病毒主要分为2个目，9个科，12个病毒属。一些蜱传病毒对人和牲畜致病，死亡率高，严重危害公共健康卫生事业并造成重大经济损失。然而，还有很大一部分蜱传病毒对公共健康的危害还有待认知。本文总结了到目前为止已知的蜱传病毒，回顾了这些病毒的发现、分离历史，叙述了病毒在自然界中的蜱虫宿主和其他动物宿主，以及对人或动物的危害性。本文还涵盖了一些借助高通量测序手段，在蜱虫中新发现的尚未分类的新病毒，这些病毒也可能是潜在的致病原。这些信息将有助于我们更好地认识蜱传病毒的多样性，有助于蜱传病毒的自然宿主调查与深入研究。

蚊虫的种类共约41属3500种。蚊虫可以携带种类繁多的病毒，它们被认为是传播疾病的最重要媒介之一。蚊虫相关病毒中的一类为医学意义已经明确的蚊媒病毒，它们可以引起人类严重疾病，对公共卫生安全造成极大危害。例如日本脑炎病毒、登革病毒、 基孔肯雅病毒、和寨卡病毒等。另一类为新发现的病毒，它们与人类疾病的关系的研究还不明确，例如版纳病毒，云南环状病毒等。还有一类蚊虫相关病毒为蚊虫特异性病毒，它们可以在自然条件下感染蚊虫，但是不能感染人类或其他脊椎动物的病毒。随着我国蚊虫及其相关病毒监测系统的不断发展和完善，近年来许多新的蚊虫相关病毒被发现。本文对我国主要的蚊媒相关病毒的发现历史，病毒的基本特征，地理分布和流行状况进行了综述。