Citation: Shan Lu, Pei-Yu Zhen, Cai Bian, Ming-Zhu Zhang, Nan-Nan Yao, Xiao-Ling Su, Yu-Tong Huang, Chen Shan, Jia-Yi Pan, Lin Zhao, Yuan-Chun Zheng, Jia-Fu Jiang, Xiao-Min Zheng, Run-Ze Ye, Wu-Chun Cao. Identification and geographic evolutionary analysis of human pegivirus infection based on metatranscriptomic sequencing .VIROLOGICA SINICA, 2026, 41(3) : 711-715.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virs.2026.05.005

Identification and geographic evolutionary analysis of human pegivirus infection based on metatranscriptomic sequencing

  • Highlights
    1 First report of HPgV genotype 3 strains in Heilongjiang, China, revealing its genetic diversity in East Asia.
    2 Phylogeographic analysis demonstrated spatial clustering in the distribution of human pegivirus genotypes 1-6.
    3 Identified an anomalous evolutionary branch in the NS4A region and ten specific amino acid mutation sites.
    4 Subgenomic alignments yield different lineage calls, necessitating full-length genomes for accurate genotyping.

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    1. Anggorowati, N., Yano, Y., Subronto, Y.W., Utsumi, T., Heriyanto, D.S., Mulya, D.P., Rinonce, H.T., Widasari, D.I., Lusida, M.I., Soetjipto, Hayashi, Y., 2013. GB virus C infection in Indonesian HIV-positive patients. Microbiol Immunol 57, 298-308.

    2. Bhanich Supapol, W., Remis, R.S., Raboud, J., Millson, M., Tappero, J., Kaul, R., Kulkarni, P., McConnell, M.S., Mock, P.A., McNicholl, J.M., Roongpisuthipong, A., Chotpitayasunondh, T., Shaffer, N., Butera, S., 2011. Prevalence and correlates of GB virus C infection in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected pregnant women in Bangkok, Thailand. J Med Virol 83, 33-44.

    3. Chivero, E.T., Stapleton, J.T., 2015. Tropism of human pegivirus (formerly known as GB virus C/hepatitis G virus) and host immunomodulation: insights into a highly successful viral infection. J Gen Virol 96, 1521-1532.

    4. Fama, A., Larson, M.C., Link, B.K., Habermann, T.M., Feldman, A.L., Call, T.G., Ansell, S.M., Liebow, M., Xiang, J., Maurer, M.J., Slager, S.L., Nowakowski, G.S., Stapleton, J.T., Cerhan, J.R., 2020. Human pegivirus infection and lymphoma risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 71, 1221-1228.

    5. He, J., Yang, L., Niu, C., 2025. Human pegivirus detected in patient with reversible severe encephalitis and axillary lymphadenopathy: a case report. Diagn Pathol 20, 66.

    6. Nunnari, G., Nigro, L., Palermo, F., Attanasio, M., Berger, A., Doerr, H.W., Pomerantz, R.J., Cacopardo, B., 2003. Slower progression of HIV-1 infection in persons with GB virus C co-infection correlates with an intact T-helper 1 cytokine profile. Ann Intern Med 139, 26-30.

    7. Rey, D., Vidinic-Moularde, J., Meyer, P., Schmitt, C., Fritsch, S., Lang, J.M., Stoll-Keller, F., 2000. High prevalence of GB virus C/hepatitis G virus RNA and antibodies in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 19, 721-724.

    8. Simmonds, P., Butkovic, A., Grove, J., Mayne, R., Mifsud, J.C.O., Beer, M., Bukh, J., Drexler, J.F., Kapoor, A., Lohmann, V., Smith, D.B., Stapleton, J.T., Vasilakis, N., Kuhn, J.H., 2025. Taxonomic expansion and reorganization of Flaviviridae. Nat Microbiol 10, 3026-3037.

    9. Stapleton, J.T., Chaloner, K., Martenson, J.A., Zhang, J., Klinzman, D., Xiang, J., Sauter, W., Desai, S.N., Landay, A., 2012. GB virus C infection is associated with altered lymphocyte subset distribution and reduced T cell activation and proliferation in HIV-infected individuals. PLoS One 7, e50563.

    10. Takayama, S., Miura, T., Tominaga, T., Taki, M., Matsuo, S., Sugii, S., Shimotohno, K., 1999. Partial nucleotide sequencing of the NS3/helicase region of hepatitis G virus to prove vertical transmission. FEMS Microbiol Lett 175, 273-279.

    11. Tillmann, H.L., Manns, M.P., 2001. GB virus-C infection in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Antiviral Res 52, 83-90.

    12. Tuddenham, R., Eden, J.S., Gilbey, T., Dwyer, D.E., Jennings, Z., Holmes, E.C., Branley, J.M., 2020. Human pegivirus in brain tissue of a patient with encephalitis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 96, 114898.

    13. Wang, T., Chen, J., Zhang, Q., Huang, X., Xie, N., Zhang, J., Cai, T., Zhang, Y., Xiong, H., 2019. Prevalence of hepatitis G virus infection among 67,348 blood donors in mainland China. BMC Public Health 19, 685.

    14. Yang, N., Dai, R., Zhang, X., 2020. Global prevalence of human pegivirus-1 in healthy volunteer blood donors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Vox Sang 115, 107-119.

    15. Zhou, B., Ma, W., Wang, H., Fu, Y., Xu, L., Lu, L., Jiang, F., Peng, W., 1997. [Investigation on hepatitis G virus (HGV) infection among different populations in Shenzhen]. Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi 11, 348-351.

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    Identification and geographic evolutionary analysis of human pegivirus infection based on metatranscriptomic sequencing

      Corresponding author: Xiao-Min Zheng, hfbzxm@163.com
      Corresponding author: Run-Ze Ye, runze.ye@mail.sdu.edu.cn
      Corresponding author: Wu-Chun Cao, caowuchun@126.com
    • a. Institute of EcoHealth, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China;
    • b. Mudanjiang Forestry Central Hospital, Mudanjiang 157000, China;
    • c. State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, China;
    • d. Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China;
    • e. Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Monitoring, Early Warning, Prevention and Control for Infectious Diseases, Jinan 250012, China

    Abstract: Highlights
    1 First report of HPgV genotype 3 strains in Heilongjiang, China, revealing its genetic diversity in East Asia.
    2 Phylogeographic analysis demonstrated spatial clustering in the distribution of human pegivirus genotypes 1-6.
    3 Identified an anomalous evolutionary branch in the NS4A region and ten specific amino acid mutation sites.
    4 Subgenomic alignments yield different lineage calls, necessitating full-length genomes for accurate genotyping.

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