Citation: Ran-ran WANG, Zhi-hong HU, Hua-lin WANG, Fei DENG. Virion Proteomics of Large DNA Viruses .VIROLOGICA SINICA, 2009, 24(4) : 268-284.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12250-009-3062-z

Virion Proteomics of Large DNA Viruses

  • Corresponding author: Fei DENG, df@wh.iov.cn
  • Received Date: 08 April 2009
    Accepted Date: 12 May 2009
    Available online: 01 August 2009

    Fund Project: 973 Program 2009CB118903Programme Strategic Scientific Alliances between China and the Netherlands 2008AA000238National Science Foundation of China 30670078National Science Foundation of China 30630002

  • Large DNA viruses normally have complex structures with many of protein components derived from both viral and host origins. The development in proteomics, especially mass spectrometry identification techniques provide powerful tools for analyzing large viruses. In this review, we have summarized the recent achievements on proteomic studies of large DNA viruses, such as herpesvirus, poxvirus, nimavirus and baculoviruse. The proteomics of baculovirus occlusion-derived virions (ODV) were emphasized. Different mass spectrometry techniques used on various baculoviruses were introduced, and the identified structurally associated proteins of baculoviruses are summarized.

  • 加载中
    1. Afonso C L, Tulman E R, Lu Z, et al. 2001. Genome sequence of a baculovirus pathogenic for Culex nigripalpus. J Virol, 75: 11157-11165.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.75.22.11157-11165.2001

    2. Baldick C J Jr, Shenk T. 1996. Proteins associated with purified human cytomegalovirus particles. J Virol, 70: 6097-6105.

    3. Bechtel J T, Winant R C, Ganem D. 2005. Host and viral proteins in the virion of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J Virol, 79: 4952-4964.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.79.8.4952-4964.2005

    4. Belyavskyi M, Braunagel S C, Summers M D. 1998. The structural protein ODV-EC27 of Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus is a multifunctional viral cyclin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 95: 11205-11210.
        doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.19.11205

    5. Beniya H, Braunagel S C, Summers M D. 1998. Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus: sub-cellular localization and protein trafficking of BV/ODV-E26 to intranuclear membranes and viral envelopes. Virology, 240: 64-75.
        doi: 10.1006/viro.1997.8903

    6. Bortz E, Whitelegge J P, Jia Q, et al. 2003. Identifi-cation of proteins associated with murine gammaher-pesvirus 68 virions. J Virol, 77: 13425-13432.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.77.24.13425-13432.2003

    7. Braunagel S C, Burks J K, Rosas-Acosta G, et al. 1999. Mutations within the Autographa californica nucleopoly-hedrovirus FP25K gene decrease the accumulation of ODV-E66 and alter its intranuclear transport. J Virol, 73: 8559-8570.

    8. Braunagel S C, Cox V, Summers M D. 2009. Bacu-lovirus data suggest a common but multifaceted pathway for sorting proteins to the inner nuclear membrane. J Virol, 83: 1280-1288.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.01661-08

    9. Braunagel S C, Elton D M, Ma H, et al. 1996. Identification and analysis of an Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus structural protein of the occlusion-derived virus envelope: ODV-E56. Virology, 217: 97-110.
        doi: 10.1006/viro.1996.0097

    10. Braunagel S C, Guidry P A, Rosas-Acosta G, et al. 2001. Identification of BV/ODV-C42, an Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus orf101-encoded structural protein detected in infected-cell complexes with ODV-EC27 and p78/83. J Virol, 75: 12331-12338.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.75.24.12331-12338.2001

    11. Braunagel S C, He H, Ramamurthy P, et al. 1996. Transcription, translation, and cellular localization of three Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus structural proteins: ODV-E18, ODV-E35, and ODV-EC27. Virology, 222:100-114.
        doi: 10.1006/viro.1996.0401

    12. raunagel S C, Russell W K, Rosas-Acosta G, et al. 2003. Determination of the protein composition of the occlusion-derived virus of Autographa californica nucleopoly-hedrovirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100: 9797-9802.
        doi: 10.1073/pnas.1733972100

    13. Braunagel S C, Summers M D. 1994. Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus, PDV, and ECV viral envelopes and nucleocapsids: structural proteins, antigens, lipid and fatty acid profiles. Virology, 202: 315-328.
        doi: 10.1006/viro.1994.1348

    14. Braunagel S C, Summers M D. 2007. Molecular biology of the baculovirus occlusion-derived virus envelope. Curr Drug Targets, 8: 1084-1095.
        doi: 10.2174/138945007782151315

    15. Britt W J, Boppana S. 2004. Human cytomegalovirus virion proteins. Hum Immunol, 65: 395-402.
        doi: 10.1016/j.humimm.2004.02.008

    16. Burks J K, Summers M D, Braunagel S C. 2007. BV/ ODV-E26: a palmitoylated, multifunctional structural protein of Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus. Virology, 361: 194-203.
        doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.11.007

    17. Chen W, Li Z, Li S, et al. 2006. Identification of Spodoptera litura multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus ORF97, a novel protein associated with envelope of occlusion-derived virus. Virus Genes, 32: 79-84.
        doi: 10.1007/s11262-005-5848-x

    18. Chen X, WilfredF I J, Tarchini R, et al. 2001. The sequence of the Helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus genome. J Gen Virol, 82: 241-257.
        doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-82-1-241

    19. Chung C S, Chen C H, Ho M Y, et al. 2006. Vaccinia virus proteome: identification of proteins in vaccinia virus intracellular mature virion particles. J Virol, 80: 2127-2140.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.80.5.2127-2140.2006

    20. Condit R C, Moussatche N, Traktman P. 2006. In a nutshell: structure and assembly of the vaccinia virion. Adv Virus Res, 66: 31-124.
        doi: 10.1016/S0065-3527(06)66002-8

    21. Deng F, Wang R, Fang M, et al. 2007. Proteomics analysis of Helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus identified two new occlusion-derived virus-associated proteins, HA44 and HA100. J Virol, 81: 9377-9385.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.00632-07

    22. Durantel D, Croizier L, Ayres M D, et al. 1998. The pnk/pnl gene (ORF 86) of Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus is a non-essential, immediate early gene. J Gen Virol, 79 (Pt 3): 629-637.

    23. Fang M, Dai X, Theilmann D A. 2007. Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus EXON0 (ORF141) is required for efficient egress of nucleocapsids from the nucleus. J Virol, 81:9859-9869.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.00588-07

    24. Fang M, Nie Y, Dai X, et al. 2008. Identification of AcMNPV EXON0 (ac141) domains required for efficient production of budded virus, dimerization and association with BV/ODV-C42 and FP25. Virology, 375: 265-276.
        doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.01.036

    25. Fang M, Nie Y, Wang Q, et al. 2006. Open reading frame 132 of Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus encodes a functional per os infectivity factor (PIF-2). J Gen Virol, 87: 2563-2569.
        doi: 10.1099/vir.0.81788-0

    26. Fang M, Wang H, Yuan L, et al. 2003. Open reading frame 94 of Helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus encodes a novel conserved occlusion-derived virion protein, ODV-EC43. J Gen Virol, 84: 3021-3027.
        doi: 10.1099/vir.0.19291-0

    27. Faulkner P, Kuzio J, Williams G V, et al. 1997. Analysis of p74, a PDV envelope protein of Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus required for occlusion body infectivity in vivo. J Gen Virol, 78 (Pt 12): 3091-3100.

    28. Funk C J, Braunagel S C, Rohrmann G F. 1997. Baculovirus structure. In: The baculoviruses (Lois K. Miller, ed.), New York: Plenum Press, p7-32.

    29. Ge J Q, Yang Z N, Tang X D, et al. 2008. Characteri-zation of a nucleopolyhedrovirus with a deletion of the baculovirus core gene Bm67. J Gen Virol, 89: 766-774.
        doi: 10.1099/vir.0.83398-0

    30. Goley E D, Ohkawa T, Mancuso J, et al. 2006. Dynamic nuclear actin assembly by Arp2/3 complex and a baculovirus WASP-like protein. Science, 314: 464-467.
        doi: 10.1126/science.1133348

    31. Gong Y, Li Z, Wang L, et al. 2003. Characterization of bro-b gene of Spodoptera litura multicapsid nucleopoly-hedrovirus. Virus Genes, 27: 115-123.
        doi: 10.1023/A:1025773324560

    32. Guarino L A, Xu B, Jin J, et al. 1998. A virus-encoded RNA polymerase purified from baculovirus-infected cells. J Virol, 72: 7985-7991.

    33. Harrison R L, Jarvis D L, Summers M D. 1996. The role of the AcMNPV 25K gene, " FP25, " in baculovirus polh and p10 expression. Virology, 226: 34-46.
        doi: 10.1006/viro.1996.0625

    34. Harrison R L, Summers M D. 1995. Mutations in the Autographa californica multinucleocapsid nuclear poly-hedrosis virus 25 kDa protein gene result in reduced virion occlusion, altered intranuclear envelopment and enhanced virus production. J Gen Virol, 76 (Pt 6): 1451-1459.

    35. Herniou E A, Jehle J A. 2007. Baculovirus phylogeny and evolution. Curr Drug Targets, 8: 1043-1050.
        doi: 10.2174/138945007782151306

    36. Hong T, Braunagel S C, Summers M D. 1994. Trans-cription, translation, and cellular localization of PDV-E66: a structural protein of the PDV envelope of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Virology, 204: 210-222.
        doi: 10.1006/viro.1994.1525

    37. Huang C, Zhang X, Lin Q, et al. 2002. Proteomic analysis of shrimp white spot syndrome viral proteins and characterization of a novel envelope protein VP466. Mol Cell Proteomics, 1: 223-231.
        doi: 10.1074/mcp.M100035-MCP200

    38. Iorio C, Vialard J E, McCracken S, et al. 1998. The late expression factors 8 and 9 and possibly the phosp-hoprotein p78/83 of Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus are components of the virus-in-duced RNA polymerase. Intervirology, 41: 35-46.
        doi: 10.1159/000024913

    39. Ishihama Y, Oda Y, Tabata T, et al. 2005. Exponentially modified protein abundance index (emPAI) for estimation of absolute protein amount in proteomics by the number of sequenced peptides per protein. Mol Cell Proteomics, 4: 1265-1272.
        doi: 10.1074/mcp.M500061-MCP200

    40. Jehle J A, Blissard G W, Bonning B C, et al. 2006. On the classification and nomenclature of baculoviruses: a proposal for revision. Arch Virol, 151: 1257-1266.
        doi: 10.1007/s00705-006-0763-6

    41. Jehle J A, Lange M, Wang H, et al. 2006. Molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of baculoviruses from Lepidoptera. Virology, 346: 180-193.
        doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.10.032

    42. Jensen O N, Houthaeve T, Shevchenko A, et al. 1996. Identification of the major membrane and core proteins of vaccinia virus by two-dimensional electrophoresis. J Virol, 70: 7485-7497.

    43. Johannsen E, Luftig M, Chase M R, et al. 2004. Proteins of purified Epstein-Barr virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 101: 16286-16291.
        doi: 10.1073/pnas.0407320101

    44. Katsuma S, Nakanishi T, Shimada T. 2009. Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus FP25K is essential for main-taining a steady-state level of v-cath expression throug-hout the infection. Virus Res, 140: 155-160.
        doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.11.014

    45. Kattenhorn L M, Mills R, Wagner M, et al. 2004. Identification of proteins associated with murine cytome-galovirus virions. J Virol, 78: 11187-11197.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.78.20.11187-11197.2004

    46. Ke J, Wang J, Deng R, et al. 2008. Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus ac66 is required for the efficient egress of nucleocapsids from the nucleus, general synthesis of preoccluded virions and occlusion body formation. Virology, 374: 421-431.
        doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.12.033

    47. Kikhno I, Gutierrez S, Croizier L, et al. 2002. Characterization of pif, a gene required for the per os infectivity of Spodoptera littoralis nucleopolyhedrovirus. J Gen Virol, 83: 3013-3022.
        doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-83-12-3013

    48. Kool M, Ahrens C H, Goldbach R W, et al. 1994. Identification of genes involved in DNA replication of the Autographa californica baculovirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 91: 11212-11216.
        doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.23.11212

    49. Kuzio J, Jaques R, Faulkner P. 1989. Identification of p74, a gene essential for virulence of baculovirus occlusion bodies. Virology, 173: 759-763.
        doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(89)90593-X

    50. Lapointe R, Popham H J, Straschil U, et al. 2004. Characterization of two Autographa californica nucleo-polyhedrovirus proteins, Ac145 and Ac150, which affect oral infectivity in a host-dependent manner. J Virol, 78: 6439-6448.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.78.12.6439-6448.2004

    51. Li G, Wang J, Deng R, et al. 2008. Characterization of AcMNPV with a deletion of ac68 gene. Virus Genes, 37: 119-127.
        doi: 10.1007/s11262-008-0238-9

    52. Li L, Li Z, Chen W, et al. 2006. Characterization of Spodoptera exigua multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus ORF100 and ORF101, two homologues of E. coli ChaB. Virus Res, 121: 42-50.
        doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2006.03.014

    53. Li Y, Miller L K. 1995. Expression and localization of a baculovirus protein phosphatase. J Gen Virol, 76 (Pt 12): 2941-2948.

    54. Li Y, Miller L K. 1995. Properties of a baculovirus mutant defective in the protein phosphatase gene. J Virol, 69: 4533-4537.

    55. Li Y, Passarelli A L, Miller L K. 1993. Identification, sequence, and transcriptional mapping of lef-3, a baculo-virus gene involved in late and very late gene expression. J Virol, 67: 5260-5268.

    56. Li Z, Li L, Yu H, et al. 2006. Characterization of two homologues of ChaB in Spodoptera litura multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus. Gene, 372: 33-43.
        doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2005.11.029

    57. Li Z, Lin Q, Chen J, et al. 2007. Shotgun identification of the structural proteome of shrimp white spot syndrome virus and iTRAQ differentiation of envelope and nucleocapsid subproteomes. Mol Cell Proteomics, 6: 1609-1620.
        doi: 10.1074/mcp.M600327-MCP200

    58. Liu X, Chen K, Cai K, et al. 2008. Determination of Protein Composition and Host-Derived Proteins of Bombyx mori Nucleopolyhedrovirus by 2-Dimensional Electrophoresis and Mass Spectrometry. Intervirology, 51: 369-376.

    59. Loret S, Guay G, Lippe R. 2008. Comprehensive characterization of extracellular herpes simplex virus type 1 virions. J Virol, 82: 8605-8618.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.00904-08

    60. Lu A, Carstens E B. 1992. Nucleotide sequence and transcriptional analysis of the p80 gene of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus: a homologue of the Orgyia pseudotsugata nuclear polyhedrosis virus capsid-associated gene. Virology, 190: 201-209.
        doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(92)91206-A

    61. Lu A, Miller L K. 1995. Differential requirements for baculovirus late expression factor genes in two cell lines. J Virol, 69: 6265-6272.

    62. Lu A, Miller L K. 1995. The roles of eighteen baculovirus late expression factor genes in transcription and DNA replication. J Virol, 69: 975-982.

    63. Lu A, Miller L K. 1996. Species-specific effects of the hcf-1 gene on baculovirus virulence. J Virol, 70: 5123-5130.

    64. Maxwell K L, Frappier L. 2007. Viral proteomics. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev, 71: 398-411.
        doi: 10.1128/MMBR.00042-06

    65. McCarthy C B, Dai X, Donly C, et al. 2008. Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus ac142, a core gene that is essential for BV production and ODV envelopment. Virology, 372: 325-339.
        doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.10.019

    66. McCarthy C B, Theilmann D A. 2008. AcMNPV ac143 (odv-e18) is essential for mediating budded virus production and is the 30th baculovirus core gene. Virology, 375: 277-291.
        doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.01.039

    67. McLachlin J R, Miller L K. 1994. Identification and characterization of vlf-1, a baculovirus gene involved in very late gene expression. J Virol, 68: 7746-7756.

    68. Mikhailov V S, Okano K, Rohrmann G F. 2003. Baculovirus alkaline nuclease possesses a 5'-- > 3' exonuclease activity and associates with the DNA-binding protein LEF-3. J Virol, 77: 2436-2444.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.77.4.2436-2444.2003

    69. Mikhailov V S, Okano K, Rohrmann G F. 2004. Specificity of the endonuclease activity of the baculovirus alkaline nuclease for single-stranded DNA. J Biol Chem, 279: 14734-14745.
        doi: 10.1074/jbc.M311658200

    70. Mikhailov V S, Rohrmann G F. 2002. Baculovirus replication factor LEF-1 is a DNA primase. J Virol, 76: 2287-2297.
        doi: 10.1128/jvi.76.5.2287-2297.2002

    71. O'Connor C M, Kedes D H. 2006. Mass spectrometric analyses of purified rhesus monkey rhadinovirus reveal 33 virion-associated proteins. J Virol, 80: 1574-1583.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.80.3.1574-1583.2006

    72. Ohkawa T, Rowe A R, and Volkman L E. 2002. Identification of six Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus early genes that mediate nuclear localization of G-actin. J Virol, 76: 12281-12289.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.76.23.12281-12289.2002

    73. Ohkawa T, Washburn J O, Sitapara R, et al. 2005. Specific binding of Autographa californica M nucleopoly-hedrovirus occlusion-derived virus to midgut cells of Heliothis virescens larvae is mediated by products of pif genes Ac119 and Ac022 but not by Ac115. J Virol, 79: 15258-15264.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.79.24.15258-15264.2005

    74. Okano K, Vanarsdall A L, Rohrmann G F. 2004. Characterization of a baculovirus lacking the alkaline nuclease gene. J Virol, 78: 10650-10656.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.78.19.10650-10656.2004

    75. Olszewski J, Miller L K. 1997. Identification and characterization of a baculovirus structural protein, VP1054, required for nucleocapsid formation. J Virol, 71: 5040-5050.

    76. Olszewski J, Miller L K. 1997. A role for baculovirus GP41 in budded virus production. Virology, 233: 292-301.
        doi: 10.1006/viro.1997.8612

    77. Passarelli A L, Miller L K. 1993. Identification and characterization of lef-1, a baculovirus gene involved in late and very late gene expression. J Virol, 67: 3481-3488.

    78. Passarelli A L, Miller L K. 1994. In vivo and in vitro analyses of recombinant baculoviruses lacking a functional cg30 gene. J Virol, 68: 1186-1190.

    79. Pearson M N, Groten C, Rohrmann G F. 2000. Identification of the lymantria dispar nucleopoly-hedrovirus envelope fusion protein provides evidence for a phylogenetic division of the Baculoviridae. J Virol, 74: 6126-6131.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.74.13.6126-6131.2000

    80. Pearson M N, Russell R L, Rohrmann G F, et al. 1988. p39, a major baculovirus structural protein: immunocy-tochemical characterization and genetic location. Virology, 167: 407-413.

    81. Perera O, Green T B, Stevens S M, et al. 2007. Proteins associated with Culex nigripalpus nucleopolyhedrovirus occluded virions. J Virol, 81: 4585-4590.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.02391-06

    82. Pijlman G P, Pruijssers A J, Vlak J M. 2003. Identification of pif-2, a third conserved baculovirus gene required for per os infection of insects. J Gen Virol, 84: 2041-2049.
        doi: 10.1099/vir.0.19133-0

    83. Prikhod'ko G G, Wang Y, Freulich E, et al. 1999. Baculovirus p33 binds human p53 and enhances p53-mediated apoptosis. J Virol, 73: 1227-1234.

    84. Rixon F J, Chiu W. 2003. Studying large viruses. Adv Protein Chem, 64: 379-408.
        doi: 10.1016/S0065-3233(03)01011-8

    85. Rohrmann G F. 2008. The AcMNPV genome: Gene content, conservation and function. Baculovirus Molecular Biology. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), National Center for Biotechnology Information. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=bacvir.

    86. Rosas-Acosta G, Braunagel S C, Summers M D. 2001. Effects of deletion and overexpression of the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus FP25K gene on synthesis of two occlusion-derived virus envelope proteins and their transport into virus-induced intranuclear membranes. J Virol, 75: 10829-10842.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.75.22.10829-10842.2001

    87. Russell R L, Rohrmann G F. 1993. A 25-kDa protein is associated with the envelopes of occluded baculovirus virions. Virology, 195: 532-540.
        doi: 10.1006/viro.1993.1404

    88. Russell R L, Rohrmann G F. 1997. Characterization of P91, a protein associated with virions of an Orgyia pseudotsugata baculovirus. Virology, 233: 210-223.
        doi: 10.1006/viro.1997.8599

    89. Sheng Z, Charbonneau H. 1993. The baculovirus Autographa californica encodes a protein tyrosine phosp-hatase. J Biol Chem, 268: 4728-4733.

    90. Slack J, Arif B M. 2007. The baculoviruses occlusion-derived virus: virion structure and function. Adv Virus Res, 69: 99-165.

    91. Song J, Wang R, Deng F, et al. 2008. Functional studies of per os infectivity factors of Helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus. J Gen Virol, 89: 2331-2338.
        doi: 10.1099/vir.0.2008/002352-0

    92. Summers M D, Smith G E. 1975. Trichoplusia ni granulosis virus granulin: a phenol-soluble, phosphory-lated protein. J Virol, 16: 1108-1116.

    93. Takagi T, Taylor G S, Kusakabe T, et al. 1998. A protein tyrosine phosphatase-like protein from baculovirus has RNA 5'-triphosphatase and diphosphatase activities. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 95: 9808-9812.
        doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.17.9808

    94. Takahashi T, Oie M, Ichihashi Y. 1994. N-terminal amino acid sequences of vaccinia virus structural proteins. Virology, 202: 844-852.
        doi: 10.1006/viro.1994.1406

    95. Tang X D, Xu Y P, Yu L L, et al. 2008. Characterization of a Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus with Bmvp80 disruption. Virus Res, 138: 81-88.
        doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.08.013

    96. Theilmann D A, Chantler J K, Stweart S, et al. 1996. Characterization of a highly conserved baculovirus stru-ctural protein that is specific for occlusion-derived virions. Virology, 218: 148-158.
        doi: 10.1006/viro.1996.0175

    97. Thiem S M, Miller L K. 1989. Identification, sequence, and transcriptional mapping of the major capsid protein gene of the baculovirus Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. J Virol, 63: 2008-2018.

    98. Todd J W, Passarelli A L, Miller L K. 1995. Eighteen baculovirus genes, including lef-11, p35, 39K, and p47, support late gene expression. J Virol, 69:968-974.

    99. Tsai J M, Wang H C, Leu J H, et al. 2004. Genomic and proteomic analysis of thirty-nine structural proteins of shrimp white spot syndrome virus. J Virol, 78: 11360-11370.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.78.20.11360-11370.2004

    100. Tsai J M, Wang H C, Leu J H, et al. 2006. Identifi-cation of the nucleocapsid, tegument, and envelope proteins of the shrimp white spot syndrome virus virion. J Virol, 80: 3021-3029.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.80.6.3021-3029.2006

    101. Tweeten K A, Bulla L A, Consigli R A. 1980. Characterization of an Extremely Basic Protein Derived from Granulosis Virus Nucleocapsids. J Virol, 33: 866-876.

    102. Van Oers M M, Vlak J M. 2007. Baculovirus genomics. Curr Drug Targets, 8:1051-1068.
        doi: 10.2174/138945007782151333

    103. Vanarsdall A L, Okano K, Rohrmann G F. 2006. Characterization of the role of very late expression factor 1 in baculovirus capsid structure and DNA processing. J Virol, 80: 1724-1733.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.80.4.1724-1733.2006

    104. Vanarsdall A L, Pearson M N, Rohrmann G F. 2007. Characterization of baculovirus constructs lacking either the Ac 101, Ac 142, or the Ac 144 open reading frame. Virology, 367: 187-195.
        doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.05.003

    105. Varnum S M, Streblow D N, Monroe M E, et al. 2004. Identification of proteins in human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) particles: the HCMV proteome. J Virol, 78: 10960-10966.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.78.20.10960-10966.2004

    106. Vialard J E, Richardson C D. 1993. The 1, 629-nucleotide open reading frame located downstream of the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus poly-hedrin gene encodes a nucleocapsid-associated phospho-protein. J Virol, 67: 5859-5866.

    107. Vigdorovich V, Miller A D, Strong R K. 2007. Ability of hyaluronidase 2 to degrade extracellular hyaluronan is not required for its function as a receptor for jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus. J Virol, 81: 3124-3129.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.02177-06

    108. Wang L, Yu J, Yin C, et al. 2002. Characterization of a J domain gene of Spodoptera litura multicapsid nucleopoly-hedrovirus. Virus Genes, 25: 291-297.
        doi: 10.1023/A:1020980109450

    109. Wang M, Tan Y, Yin F, et al. 2008. The F-like protein Ac23 enhances the infectivity of the budded virus of gp64-null Autographa californica multinucleocapsid nuc-leopoly hedrovirus pseudotyped with baculovirus envelope fusion protein F. J Virol, 82: 9800-9804.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.00759-08

    110. Wang Q, Wang Y, Liang C, et al. 2008. Identification of a hydrophobic domain of HA2 essential to morphogenesis of Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus. J Virol, 82: 4072-4081.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.02319-07

    111. Wang Y, Wang Q, Liang C, et al. 2008. Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus nucleocapsid protein BV/ODV-C42 mediates the nuclear entry of P78/ 83. J Virol, 82: 4554-4561.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.02510-07

    112. Whitford M, Faulkner P. 1992. A structural polypeptide of the baculovirus Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus contains O-linked N-acetylglucosamine. J Virol, 66: 3324-3329.

    113. Wilson M E, Mainprize T H, Friesen P D, et al. 1987. Location, transcription, and sequence of a baculovirus gene encoding a small arginine-rich polypeptide. J Virol, 61: 661-666.

    114. Wilson M E, Price K H. 1988. Association of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) with the nuclear matrix. Virology, 167: 233-241.
        doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(88)90073-6

    115. Wolgamot G M, Gross C H, Russell R L, et al. 1993. Immunocytochemical characterization of p24, a baculovirus capsid-associated protein. J Gen Virol, 74 (Pt 1): 103-107.

    116. Wu W, Liang H, Kan J, et al. 2008. Autographa californica Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus 38K Is a Novel Nucleocapsid Protein That Interacts with VP1054, VP39, VP80 and Itself. J Virol, 82: 12356-12364.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.00948-08

    117. Wu W, Lin T, Pan L, et al. 2006. Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus nucleocapsid assembly is interrupted upon deletion of the 38K gene. J Virol, 80: 11475-11485.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.01155-06

    118. Xie X, Xu L, Yang F. 2006. Proteomic analysis of the major envelope and nucleocapsid proteins of white spot syndrome virus. J Virol, 80: 10615-10623.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.01452-06

    119. Xu H J, Yang Z N, Wang F, et al. 2006. Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus ORF79 encodes a 28-kDa structural protein of the ODV envelope. Arch Virol, 151: 681-695.
        doi: 10.1007/s00705-005-0664-0

    120. Xu H J, Yang Z N, Zhao J F, et al. 2008. Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus ORF56 encodes an occlusion-derived virus protein and is not essential for budded virus production. J Gen Virol, 89: 1212-1219.
        doi: 10.1099/vir.0.83633-0

    121. Yoder J D, Chen T S, Gagnier C R, et al. 2006. Pox proteomics: mass spectrometry analysis and identification of Vaccinia virion proteins. Virol J, 3: 10.
        doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-3-10

    122. Zachertowska A, Brewer D, Evans D H. 2006. Characterization of the major capsid proteins of myxoma virus particles using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. J Virol Methods, 132: 1-12.
        doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.08.015

    123. Zemskov E A, Kang W, Maeda S. 2000. Evidence for nucleic acid binding ability and nucleosome association of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus BRO proteins. J Virol, 74: 6784-6789.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.74.15.6784-6789.2000

    124. Zhang J H, Ohkawa T, Washburn J O, et al. 2005. Effects of Ac150 on virulence and pathogenesis of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus in noctuid hosts. J Gen Virol, 86: 1619-1627.
        doi: 10.1099/vir.0.80930-0

    125. Zhang X, Huang C, Tang X, et al. 2004. Identification of structural proteins from shrimp white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) by 2DE-MS. Proteins, 55: 229-235.
        doi: 10.1002/prot.10640

    126. Zhu F X, Chong J M, Wu L, et al. 2005. Virion proteins of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J Virol, 79: 800-811.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.79.2.800-811.2005

  • 加载中

Figures(2) / Tables(2)

Article Metrics

Article views(4726) PDF downloads(20) Cited by()

Related
Proportional views

    Virion Proteomics of Large DNA Viruses

      Corresponding author: Fei DENG, df@wh.iov.cn
    • State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
    Fund Project:  973 Program 2009CB118903Programme Strategic Scientific Alliances between China and the Netherlands 2008AA000238National Science Foundation of China 30670078National Science Foundation of China 30630002

    Abstract: Large DNA viruses normally have complex structures with many of protein components derived from both viral and host origins. The development in proteomics, especially mass spectrometry identification techniques provide powerful tools for analyzing large viruses. In this review, we have summarized the recent achievements on proteomic studies of large DNA viruses, such as herpesvirus, poxvirus, nimavirus and baculoviruse. The proteomics of baculovirus occlusion-derived virions (ODV) were emphasized. Different mass spectrometry techniques used on various baculoviruses were introduced, and the identified structurally associated proteins of baculoviruses are summarized.

    • A large virus was defined as one that possess either a large particle ( > 100 nm) or a large genome ( > 100 kb) (84). All viruses with large genomes also form large particles that are complex in both composition and structure. Furthermore, all large virus genomes known to date are of double-stranded DNA (84) and include several animal viral families such as the Herpe-sviridae, Poxviridae, Iridoviridae, Asfaviridae, Phy-codnaviridae, Baculoviridae, Nimaviridae and some large dsDNA bacteriophages such as Myoviridae (84). Their morphology varies from brick shaped or ovoid virions (Poxviridae), cylindrical virions (Baculoviridae) to a number of icosahedrally based forms infecting both eukaryotes (Herpesviridae and Iridoviridae) and prokaryotes (Myoviridae) (84).

      Viral proteomics is a mixture of conceptions of several aspects, including virion proteomics, viral structural proteomics, viral interactomics and virus-induced cellular differential proteomics (64). Viral proteomics will provide fundamental information for viral assembly mechanisms which are important for understanding the viral infection pathways. The recent developments of proteomic approaches provide powerful tools to study viral proteomics of large viruses. In this review, we summarized the advances on virion proteo-mics of large DNA viruses. In the first part of the review, the approaches used for virion proteomics were introduced and the recent achievements on proteomic studies of herpesvirus, poxvirus, and nimavirus were reviewed. In the second part of the review, the virion proteomics of baculoviruses were summarized in detail.

    • The development of proteomic techniques combi-ning mass spectrometry with database searches of sequenced genomes provided a comprehensive approach for virologists to identify protein components of large DNA viruses. Virion proteomic investigations are particularly amenable to this approach, since a large number of fully sequenced genomes are available, and viral particles consist of a relatively narrow range of proteins that have constant, stable profiles in com-parison to whole cells (64).

      In recent years, two mass spectrometry identifi-cation approaches, peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry and one dimensional or two dimensional liquid chromatography linked to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS or 2D-LC-MS/MS, tandem MS usually using Qtrap, Q-TOF or MALDI-TOF/TOF), have been widely used to analyze protein components of purified virions leading to the identification of previously unknown components of virus particles. Two proteomic strategies often used for virion proteomic studies were demonstrated in Fig. 1. (ⅰ) Purified virions could be separated by 1D SDS-PAGE or 2D gel electrophoresis. Protein bands or spots are excised, digested with trypsin and subjected to PMF (usually using MALDI-TOF) or LC-MS/MS identifi-cation techniques. (ⅱ) Purified virions could be directly digested with trypsin in solution and subjected to LC-MS/MS with high sensitivity. Alternatively, a powerful shotgun proteomics approach, or so called Multi-dimensional Protein Identification Technology (MudPIT), usually using strong cation exchange (SCX) column chromatography before the ordinary reversed phase (RP) column chromatography (also called 2D-LC), will give better peptides separation and reduce the complexity of samples for subsequent tandem MS detection. Different approaches have their technical advantages and limitations. The identities using different approaches are usually complements to each other. Therefore, in order to achieve a comprehensive analysis of virion proteome, two or more proteomic approaches should be applied. Here, the virion proteomic studies of three kinds of complex enveloped large DNA viruses including herpesvirus, poxvirus and nimavirus are summarized in detail (Table 1).

      Figure 1.  Proteomic strategies and approaches ordinarily used in virion proteomic researches.

      Table 1.  Summary for virion proteomic researches mentioned in this review.

    • All infectious herpesvirus virions are composed of an icosahedral nucleocapsid (100 to 110 nm in diameter, T=16) surrounded by a structural asymmetric matrix layer called the tegument, which in turn surrounded by a lipid envelope. The multiple structural components and large size (120 to 200 nm in diameter) of the virions give the potential for packaging numerous viral and host proteins (64). So far, virion proteomics have been performed on several herpesviruses, in-cluding Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) (59) of the alphaherpesviruses, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) (2, 105) and murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) (45) of the betaherpesviruses and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (43), Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) (3, 126), rhesus monkey rhadinovirus (RRV) (71) and murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) (6) of the gammaherpesviruses (Table 1). The virion proteomic analyses on HCMV, a prototypic herpesvirus, are described here in detail.

      HCMV is the largest and most complex member of the family of human herpesviruses and contains a linear 230 kb dsDNA genome encoding over 200 predicted ORFs (15). The first proteomic study of HCMV virions was conducted by Baldick and Shenk (2) in 1996, where purified virions were separated by SDS-PAGE followed by N-terminal sequencing. In this way, eleven viral proteins (six of them not reported to be virion packaged) and one actin-like cellular protein were identified.

      Later, in 2004, Varnum et al. (105) applied two kinds of tandem MS based proteomic techniques, LC-Qtrap (Quadrupole ion trap) & LC-FTICR (Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance) after the first dimensional SCX-HPLC separation to determine the composition of the HCMV proteome. Totally, 71 HCMV viral proteins and 71 host proteins were identified from purified HCMV virions (105). The LC-FTICR MS approach allowed for the relative quantification of the virion proteins from the average intensity of the spectra of the most abundant peptides for each protein, indicating that the pp65 (UL83) as a tegument protein was the most abundant protein in the virion and that gM (UL100) was the most abundant glycoprotein. Approximately, the virion is comprised of 50% tegument proteins, 30% capsid proteins, 13% envelope proteins and 7% undefined proteins. Host proteins identified from HCMV include many cytoskeletal proteins, cha-perones, enzymes, transporting proteins, signal trans-duction proteins, transcription or translation proteins etc. The host proteins could be possibly picked up with tegument matrix as the capsids move through the cytoplasm or localized on the envelope as the virions budded from the plasma membrane.

    • Poxviruses are among the largest and most structurally complex of all known viruses (122). Virions appear as ovoid or brick-shaped membrane-bound particles (250-450 nm in length and 140-260 nm in height) with a complex internal structure featuring a walled, bi-concave core (which contains the genome) and one or two lateral bodies inside an external coat containing lipid and tubular or globular protein structures (20). The virions exist in several forms: intracellular mature virions (IMV), intracellular enveloped virions (IEV), cell-associated enveloped virions (CEV) and extracellular enveloped virions (EEV) (19). The IMV is the most abundant virion with a single membrane in cytoplasm. A portion of the IMV is subsequently wrapped with two layers of Golgi membrane to form an IEV, which is transported through microtubules to the cell periphery and loses one membrane during virion egress to become a CEV, which associated with the cell surface. CEV is released by host cell Src/Abl kinases into the medium to become an EEV (19).

      Vaccinia virus, the best-characterized member of the Poxviridae, contains more than 200 ORFs in a 190 kbp dsDNA genome (42). Several virion proteomics analyses have been performed on vaccinia virus. Initially, Takahashi et al. (94) identified 17 virally encoded components by N-terminal sequencing fol-lowing the separation of purified IMV proteins by SDS-PAGE. Jensen et al. (42) identified 13 viral and 5 cellular proteins in IMV using 2D electrophoresis (2DE) coupled with PMF MS identification technique. Later, Yoder et al. (121) used PMF and LC-MS/MS (tandem MS by Qtrap and Q-TOF) identification approaches after separation of purified IMV proteins by SDS-PAGE or RP-HPLC, resulting in the identifi-cation of 63 virally encoded proteins. Around the same time, Chung et al. (19) analyzed the IMV proteome by Trypsin and Lys-C digestion and LC-MS/MS (using LC-Q-TOF), identifying 75 viral proteins (74 by Trypsin digestion approach; 67 by Lys-C digestion approach) and 23 host proteins. A better approach using 2D-LC fractionation prior to MS/MS (also called MudPIT) was also performed in their study (19). Most of the cellular proteins identified include chaperon proteins, cytoskeleton proteins and protein transport/vesicular trafficking protein, etc. They also applied a feasible approach to determine the relative abundances of viral proteins in IMV using exponentially modified protein abundance index (emPAI) value (39) estimated from MS/MS data. According to their calculated molar percentage (mp) and weight percentage (wp), 75 viral proteins were classified into four groups according to their abundant on virions. The most abundant viral-protein group (wp > 5) consisted of four core proteins (A4L, A10L, F17R and A3L) (19).

      In addition to vaccinia virus, IMV particles from the myxoma leporipoxvirus have been subjected to proteomic analysis, leading to the identification of 17 viral proteins, most of which are homologues of the viral proteins found in vaccinia virus with one exception not been found in vaccinia virions and another that lacked a vaccinia virus homologue (122).

    • White spot syndrome virus (WSSV), one of the most devastating viral pathogens of cultured shrimp worldwide, is the type species of the genus Whispo-virus, family Nimaviridae (99). WSSV is a large dsDNA (about 300 kb) virus of non-occluded and bacilliform in shape with an envelope and sometimes with a tail-like appendage (37). Many investigations have been done on the WSSV proteome since 2002.

      Huang et al. (37) identified 18 viral proteins (isolated from Penaeus japonicus) using a combination of SDS-PAGE with PMF or nano-ESI (electrospray ionization)-MS/MS, Zhang et al. (125) further reported 12 viral proteins using 2-DE with PMF or nano-ESI-MS/MS. In 2004, Tsai et al. (99) identified 33 WSSV viral proteins using SDS-PAGE and LC-MS/MS. Four crustacean proteins (sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ -ATPase, vitellogenin, hemocyanin and actin) were also identified in this study (99). Later, the same group reported further studies on the localization of WSSV virion proteins (100). Triton X-100 combined with various concentrations of NaCl was used to separate intact WSSV virions into distinct fractions, such as fractions containing envelope and tegument proteins, tegument and nucleocapsid proteins, or nucleocapsid proteins only. The localization studies of 15 known structural proteins were mainly determined by Western blots and some were confirmed by im-munogold electron microscopy (IEM) technique. Four capsid proteins, four tegument proteins and seven envelope proteins were identified. Furthermore, the purified nucleocapsids proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and the minor bands were excised, trypsin digested and subjected to LC-MS/MS analysis, identifying two newly reported virion associated proteins (VP160A and VP160B). Xie et al. (118) reported a different strategy for WSSV virion proteins localization. The purified WSSV virions were treated by Triton X-100 and separated into the envelope and nucleocapsid fractions, then analyzed by SDS-PAGE and PMF. Finally, 22 proteins were detected in the envelope fraction, 7 in the nucleocapsid fraction and 1 in both fractions (tegument).

      Li et al. (57) applied a new quantification MS approach, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quan-tification (iTRAQ) to study WSSV, and 23 envelope proteins and 6 nucleocapsid proteins were success-fully identified. Shotgun proteomics using offline coupling of an LC system with MALDI-TOF/TOF were also applied as a complementary and com-prehensive approach to investigate the WSSV virion proteome, identifying 45 viral proteins. By combining other WSSV proteomic studies, Li et al. (57) proposed that WSSV is assembled by at least 58 structural proteins, including 28 proteins localized in the enve-lope, 9 proteins in the capsid structure and 5 proteins in the tegument (57).

    • The Baculoviridae, a diverse family of more than 600 viruses, infects mainly insects of the orders Lepi-doptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera and encompasses four genera, alphabaculovirus (lepidopteran-specific NPV), betabaculoviruse (lepidopteran-specific GV), gammabaculovirus (hymenopteran-specific NPV) and deltabaculovirus (dipteran-specific NPV) (40). NPVs are designated as either MNPV or SNPV, referring to whether the ODV particles contain multiple (M) or single (S) nucleocapsids (28). Based on phylogeny, alphabaculoviruses are divided into Group Ⅰ (such as AcMNPV) and Group Ⅱ (such as HearNPV) (35).

      Two progeny phenotypes are produced in the baculovirus replication cycle, the occlusion-derived virus (ODV) and the budded virus (BV) (28). ODVs are encapsulated in a protein matrix composed predominantly of polyhedrin (or granulin in GVs) that allow the virus to exist in the environment with relatively stable viability for a long time. In larvae, ODVs initiate primary infections in midgut epithelial cells of susceptible hosts, while BVs are responsible for the spreading of the virus from cell to cell in the larva host (28). Although the two phenotypes are genotypically identical, each has characteristic stru-ctural components to accommodate their respective functions (13). At the early stage of the infection, the nucleocapsids bud from the plasma membrane to form BVs, while, in the late stages of the infection, the nucleocapsids are enveloped within the nucleus with a lipid bilayer from microvesicles that were considered to be derived from the inner nuclear membrane modified by virus encoded proteins (9, 13, 36). There-fore, it is generally believed that BV and ODV share the same components of the nucleocapsid, but differ in their envelopes. Moreover, ODV fills the space between NC and E with a tegument structure (112).

      To date, 50 genome sequences of baculoviruses have been reported (as of Jul. 7th, 2009), including 36 alphabaculoviruses, 10 betabaculoviruses, 3 gam-mabaculoviruses and 1 deltabaculovirus. The availa-bility of genome sequences has facilitated proteomic analysis of baculoviruses, especially with mass spec-trometry-based techniques. Since Braunagel et al. (2003) first reported the ODV components of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) (12), the ODV components of three other viruses that of Culex nigripalpus nucleopolyhedrovirus (CuniNPV) (81), Helicoverpa armigera nucleopoly-hedrovirus (HearNPV) (21) and Bombyx mori nuc-leopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) (58), have also been reported. A summary of the combined data representing all the protein associated with ODVs are listed in Table 2. This information shed lights on the ODV structure and assembly.

      Table 2.  Viral proteins associated with the baculoviral ODVs

    • AcMNPV is the type species of baculoviruses and also the typical representation of Group Ⅰ alphabacu-lovirus and MNPV. In 2003, Braunagel et al. (12) analysed AcMNPV ODV by using multiple proteomic approaches such as expression library screening by isolating positive colonies only to ODV antiserum, SDS-PAGE followed by PMF (using MALDI-TOF) or LC-MS/MS (using LC-Q-TOF) as well as MudPIT (2D-LC-MS/MS). In addition to polyhedrin, which can not be completely avoided during the purification of ODV, forty proteins were identified by at least one of these techniques. Among these proteins, eight were considered to be envelope proteins (ODV-E18, ODV-E25, ODV-E56, ODV-E66, P74, PIF-2, F-protein and VP91), one was tegument protein (GP41), nine were nucleocapsid specific or associated proteins (P6.9, VP39, VLF-1, 49K, ODV-EC27, P78/83, BV/ODV-C42, VP80 and FP25K) and five were replication necessary proteins (DNA-pol, Helicase, IE-1, LEF-1 and LEF-3). The rest seventeen proteins without any localization reports are listed as others in Table 2 (Ac66, P33, Ac109, Alk-Exo, Ac5, Ac30, Ac39, Ac58, Ac59, HCF-1, Ac74, Ac79, PNK/PNL, CG30, Ac102, Ac114 and Ac132). For the localization of VP91, there were some conflicting reports. Immuno-EM images showed association of VP91 with envelopes and with nucleocapsids. Since VP91 could not be dissociated completely from ODV virions by NP-40 detergents, it was thought to be nucleocapsid associated (88). The predicted highly hydrophobic N-terminal transmembrane region suggests VP91 is a membrane protein, which might have a strong interaction with the nucleocapsid proteins (90). In this review, VP91 was listed as a predicted envelope protein in Table 2.

      One of the most important discoveries of the proteomic research of AcMNPV ODV is that five of the six DNA replication essential proteins were identified including DNA polymerase, Helicase, IE1, LEF-1 and LEF-3. Almost a complete set of DNA replication proteins packaged into ODV virions may help the virus replication immediately after ODVs entry into the midgut cells.

    • Bombyx mori Nucleopolyhedrovirus, BmNPV is a Group Ⅰ NPV, and quite similar to AcMNPV in both the gene sequence and order. By using SDS-PAGE or 2DE to separate virion proteins and PMF technique on BmNPV ODV, 16 viral proteins (Table 2) and 4 host proteins were identified (58). Apart from polyhedrin, the viral proteins include four envelope proteins, one tegument protein, four nucleocapsid proteins and six other proteins. The four host proteins include heat shock cognate protein, heat shock protein hsp21.4, glutathione S-transferase 2 and cyclophilin A. This is the first report that host proteins associated with baculovirus ODV virions, but the potential functions of these host proteins need further investigations.

    • HearNPV (also called HaSNPV), first isolated in 1975 in the province Hubei of the People's Republic of China, has been used extensively in China over 25 years to control H. armigera on cotton. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that HearNPV belongs to Group Ⅱ NPVs (41). Its DNA genome is 131 kb containing 135 ORFs potentially encoding proteins of 50 aa or larger (18).

      Initially, several methods have been tried to purify HearNPV ODV virions according to different references. Finally, pure and intact HearNPV ODV virions were obtained using similar methods to AcMNPV (12, 13) with little modifications. First, polyhedra were pret-reated with 0.01 mol/L HgCl2 in 0.1 mol/L Tris-HCl (pH7.8) at room temperature for 30 min and washed to remove HgCl2, then resuspended in water and put into a 70℃ water bath for 20 min. The pre-treatments by HgCl2 and heat aimed to inactive the alkaline protease, which helps to dissolve polyhedra in the larval midgut (92). ODV was released from the pretreated polyhedra by alkaline treatment (DAS solution including 0.1 mol-L Na2CO3, 0.5 mol/L NaCl, 10 mol/L EDTA, pH 10.9) and purified on continuous sucrose gradients. EM of negatively preparations demonstrated that some of the non-pretreated ODVs partly have an incomplete loose envelope (Fig. 2 B), while ODVs virions from pretreated polyhedra seemed more intact and compact (Fig. 2 A). There were also differences on SDS-PAGE profiles (Fig. 2 C) between these two purification methods. As a result, purified ODVs from pretreated polyhedra were used for further proteomic research (21).

      Figure 2.  A: Negatively stained EM photos of purified ODV virions from pretreated polyhedra. B: Negatively stained EM photos of purified ODV virions from non-pretreated polyhedra. C: Coomassie brilliant blue stained (left) and silver stained (right) SDS-PAGE profiles of purified ODVs from pretreated (line 1) and non-pretreated (line 2) polyhedra respectively.

      SDS-PAGE and PMF mass spectrometry technique was applied to analyze purified ODVs of HearNPV and identifed 23 viral proteins (Table 2) in addition to polyhedrin. Among these proteins, seven envelope proteins (ODV-E18, ODV-E25, ODV-E56, ODV-E66, P74 and PIF-1), one tegument protein (GP41), nine nucleocapsid proteins (P6.9, VP39, VLF-1, 49K, ODV-EC27, P78/83, ODV/BV-C42 and VP80), three proteins involved in DNA replication and transcription (Helicase, LEF-3 and DNA-polymerase), and three other proteins including Ha66 (Ac66), P33, Ha94 (Ac109), were reported as ODV associated proteins in former AcMNPV ODV proteomic study (12). Ha44 and Ha100 (without homologues in AcMNPV) were identified for the first time as ODV associated proteins. Ha44 is conserved in Group Ⅱ NPVs and GVs but does not exist in Group Ⅰ NPVs, while Ha100 is conserved only in Group Ⅱ NPVs and is a homologue of poly (ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (parg). Western blot analysis revealed that Ha44 and Ha100 were present on both BV and ODV (21).

    • Baculoviruses that infect mosquitoes are of growing interest as they are currently believed to represent a separate branch within the Baculoviridae that existed prior to the split of lepidopteran nucleopolyhed-roviruses (NPVs) and granuloviruses (GVs) (81). CuniNPV is pathogenic to Culex spp. mosquitoes, which are important vectors of West Nile virus and St. Louis and Eastern encephalitis viruses. CuniNPV development is restricted to the nuclei of midgut epithelial cells in the gastric caeca and posterior stomach. The genome of CuniNPV contains 109 ORFs and only 36 of which show similarities to ORFs of other nucleopolyhedroviruses (1).

      Multiple proteomics approaches including Edman sequencing, PMF and LC-MS/MS (by LC-Q-TOF) were used to identify of proteins associated with CuniNPV ODV (81). In addition to the major occlusion body (OB) protein (cun085), a total of 44 proteins were identified. Of the 44 proteins, 20 were unique ORFs encoded by CuniNPV genome, and they were not in-cluded in Table 2. The other 24 proteins were con-served among all sequenced baculovirus genomes except F-proteins and Bro (102). These proteins include nine ODV envelope proteins including ODV-E18, ODV-E28 (Ac96) (14), ODV-E56, P74, PIF-1, PIF-2, PIF-3, F-protein and VP91, one tegument protein (GP41), seven nucleocapsid necessary proteins (P6.9, VP39, VP1054, VLF-1, 38K, 49K and ODV-EC27) and a late gene expression factor (LEF-9). In addition, Cun58 (Ac68) and Cun106 (Ac81) were classified into predicted envelope proteins group for their predicted highly hydrophobic transmembrane region while the left four proteins including Cun92 (Ac66), Cun14 (P33), Cun69 (Ac109) and Cun109 (Bro) were listed into the others in Table 2.

    • In Table 2, we summarized the results to date of baculovirus ODV structurally associated proteins identified either by proteomic investigations or by classical Western bolt and IEM studies (the unique ORFs of CuniNPV were not included). The proteins associated with the ODV structure can be classified into several groups including envelope proteins, predi-cted envelope proteins, a tegument protein, nucleocapsid essential proteins, nucleocapsid associated proteins, replication and transcription proteins and others. Polyhedrin was identified in the ODVs of AcMNPV, HearNPV, and BmNPV, and the major OB protein was identified in CuniNPV. As it is difficult to avoid contamination of the major matrix protein of the OBs during the purification process of ODV, both polyhedrin and the major OB protein of CuniNPV were not included in Table 2.

      The transmembrane domains of the proteins were analyzed on Toppred website (http://mobyle.pasteur.fr/cgi-bin/MobylePortal/portal.py?form=toppred) and proteins with high score of certain transmembrane region were signed "TM" on "TM prediction" column in Table 2. Almost all the ODV envelope proteins have predicted TMs except BV/ODV-E26 which is palmitoylated to be associated with membranes (16). VP91, Ac68 and Ac81 were considered as predicted envelope proteins in this review as their predicted TMs were high scored and conserved in their homolo-gues of other baculoviruses. Ten of these ODV (predicted) envelope proteins were conserved in all baculoviruses, including ODV-E18, ODV-E28, ODV-E56, VP91, Ac68, Ac81 and four oral infectivity proteins (P74, PIF-1, PIF-2 and PIF-3) (40, 66). The tegument protein, GP41, and seven nucleocapsid essential proteins, including DNA core protein P6.9, capsid major protein VP39, nucleocapsid assembly essential proteins of VP1054, VLF-1, 38K, 49K and ODV-EC27 were conserved in all baculoviruses (40). In addition, four replication and transcription related proteins, including DNA-pol, Helicase, LEF-1 and LEF-9, and four other proteins of Ac66, P33, Ac109 and Alk-Exo are also conserved core proteins of all baculoviruses (40, 85). In conclusion, 26 of the totally 31 conserved baculoviruses proteins were identified in ODV virions (40, 66, 85). The association of these highly conserved proteins should play quite important roles in virion packaging, the infection pathway and subsequent uncoating and initiation of replication processes.

      Ha44 and Ha100 do not have homologues in Group Ⅰ alphabaculoviruses and both proteins are conserved in Group Ⅱ alphabaculoviruses. In contrast, BV/ODV-E26, PTP, Ac5, Ac30, Ac114 and Ac132 are unique Group Ⅰ proteins. These proteins may represent signifi-cant differences in ODV structure and/or assembly between Group Ⅰ and Group Ⅱ alphabaculoviruses.

    • Recent advances in mass spectrometry methods coupled with the development of proteomic approaches and bioinformatics have greatly facilitated the detection and identification of virion proteome. As proteomic approaches were widely applied to viral proteomics, more and more data will be generated. It is expected that apart of viral structural proteomics, studies on viral inter-actomics, virus-induced comparative cellular differential will follow to provide fuller understanding of virus infection process. However, it is important to consider proteomic analyses not as final goal but rather as a starting point for further and more detailed functional studies that will shed more light on the whole infection process and association with the larval host that has evolved over millions of years. Also, disco-veries made through proteomics will inevitably require more functional studies to determine their roles in virus/host interactions infection.

    Figure (2)  Table (2) Reference (126) Relative (20)

    目录

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return