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Volume 28 Issue 5
October 2013
    Citation: Jozef I Nissimov, Mark Jones, Johnathan A Napier, Colin B Munn, Susan A Kimmance, Michael J Allen. Functional Inferences of Environmental Coccolithovirus Biodiversity .VIROLOGICA SINICA, 2013, 28(5) : 291-302.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12250-013-3362-1
    shu

    Functional Inferences of Environmental Coccolithovirus Biodiversity

    cstr: 32224.14.s12250-013-3362-1
    • 1.

      Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK

    • 2.

      University of Nottingham, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK

    • 3.

      Department of Biological Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK

    • 4.

      School of Marine Science & Engineering, Plymouth University, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK

    • Corresponding author: Michael J Allen, mija@pml.ac.uk
    • Received Date: 12 July 2013
      Accepted Date: 12 August 2013
      Published Date: 28 August 2013
      Available online: 01 October 2013
    • The cosmopolitan calcifying alga Emiliania huxleyi is one of the most abundant bloom forming coccolithophore species in the oceans and plays an important role in global biogeochemical cycling. Coccolithoviruses are a major cause of coccolithophore bloom termination and have been studied in laboratory,mesocosm and open ocean studies. However,little is known about the dynamic interactions between the host and its viruses,and less is known about the natural diversity and role of functionally important genes within natural coccolithovirus communities. Here,we investigate the temporal and spatial distribution of coccolithoviruses by the use of molecular fingerprinting techniques PCR,DGGE and genomic sequencing. The natural biodiversity of the virus genes encoding the major capsid protein (MCP) and serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) were analysed in samples obtained from the Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT),the North Sea and the L4 site in the Western Channel Observatory. We discovered nine new coccolithovirus genotypes across the AMT and L4 site,with the majority of MCP sequences observed at the deep chlorophyll maximum layer of the sampled sites on the transect. We also found four new SPT gene variations in the North Sea and at L4. Their translated fragments and the full protein sequence of SPT from laboratory strains EhV-86 and EhV-99B1 were modelled and revealed that the theoretical fold differs among strains. Variation identified in the structural distance between the two domains of the SPT protein may have an impact on the catalytic capabilities of its active site. In summary,the combined use of ‘standard' markers (i.e. MCP),in combination with metabolically relevant markers (i.e. SPT) are useful in the study of the phylogeny and functional biodiversity of coccolithoviruses,and can provide an interesting intracellular insight into the evolution of these viruses and their ability to infect and replicate within their algal hosts.
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      Functional Inferences of Environmental Coccolithovirus Biodiversity

        Corresponding author: Michael J Allen, mija@pml.ac.uk
      • 1. Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK
      • 2. University of Nottingham, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
      • 3. Department of Biological Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK
      • 4. School of Marine Science & Engineering, Plymouth University, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
      • Received Date: 12 July 2013
      • Accepted Date: 12 August 2013
      • Published Date: 28 August 2013

      Abstract: The cosmopolitan calcifying alga Emiliania huxleyi is one of the most abundant bloom forming coccolithophore species in the oceans and plays an important role in global biogeochemical cycling. Coccolithoviruses are a major cause of coccolithophore bloom termination and have been studied in laboratory,mesocosm and open ocean studies. However,little is known about the dynamic interactions between the host and its viruses,and less is known about the natural diversity and role of functionally important genes within natural coccolithovirus communities. Here,we investigate the temporal and spatial distribution of coccolithoviruses by the use of molecular fingerprinting techniques PCR,DGGE and genomic sequencing. The natural biodiversity of the virus genes encoding the major capsid protein (MCP) and serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) were analysed in samples obtained from the Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT),the North Sea and the L4 site in the Western Channel Observatory. We discovered nine new coccolithovirus genotypes across the AMT and L4 site,with the majority of MCP sequences observed at the deep chlorophyll maximum layer of the sampled sites on the transect. We also found four new SPT gene variations in the North Sea and at L4. Their translated fragments and the full protein sequence of SPT from laboratory strains EhV-86 and EhV-99B1 were modelled and revealed that the theoretical fold differs among strains. Variation identified in the structural distance between the two domains of the SPT protein may have an impact on the catalytic capabilities of its active site. In summary,the combined use of ‘standard' markers (i.e. MCP),in combination with metabolically relevant markers (i.e. SPT) are useful in the study of the phylogeny and functional biodiversity of coccolithoviruses,and can provide an interesting intracellular insight into the evolution of these viruses and their ability to infect and replicate within their algal hosts.

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