Citation: Junhua Deng, Yuxiu Liu, Chunyan Sun, Jingjing Bai, Jie Sun, Liying Hao, Xiangdong Li, Kegong Tian. SARS-CoV-2 Serological Survey of Cats in China before and after the Pandemic .VIROLOGICA SINICA, 2020, 35(6) : 846-848.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12250-020-00284-5

SARS-CoV-2 Serological Survey of Cats in China before and after the Pandemic

  • Corresponding author: Xiangdong Li, 007352@yzu.edu.cn, ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4635-1602
    Kegong Tian, tiankg@263.net, ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5362-1415
  • Received Date: 12 June 2020
    Accepted Date: 03 August 2020
    Published Date: 01 September 2020
    Available online: 01 December 2020
  • The high percentage of seropositivity of cats in Wuhan, the epicentre of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic, could be due to the large number of infected human cases (more than 14 folds than that in other cities) (Table 1) where cats may have been more frequently exposed to SARS-CoV-2 patients or contaminated environment. As yet, SARS-CoV-2 serological prevalence of cats in other Chinese cities remains unknown. Therefore, a serological survey including more cities with numbers of SARS-CoV-2 human cases in China will be valuable for elucidating the role of cats in transmission of the viruses and relieve public concerns. In this study, 630 cat serum samples collected before November 2019 and 423 cat serum samples collected during SARS-CoV-2 outbreak (from February 2020 to April 2020) in 20 cities in China for detecting the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies.

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    SARS-CoV-2 Serological Survey of Cats in China before and after the Pandemic

      Corresponding author: Xiangdong Li, 007352@yzu.edu.cn
      Corresponding author: Kegong Tian, tiankg@263.net
    • 1. Luoyang Putai Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Luoyang 471003, China
    • 2. National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang 471003, China
    • 3. Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
    • 4. Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

    Abstract: The high percentage of seropositivity of cats in Wuhan, the epicentre of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic, could be due to the large number of infected human cases (more than 14 folds than that in other cities) (Table 1) where cats may have been more frequently exposed to SARS-CoV-2 patients or contaminated environment. As yet, SARS-CoV-2 serological prevalence of cats in other Chinese cities remains unknown. Therefore, a serological survey including more cities with numbers of SARS-CoV-2 human cases in China will be valuable for elucidating the role of cats in transmission of the viruses and relieve public concerns. In this study, 630 cat serum samples collected before November 2019 and 423 cat serum samples collected during SARS-CoV-2 outbreak (from February 2020 to April 2020) in 20 cities in China for detecting the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies.

    • Dear Editor,

      SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 has become pandemic and spread to more than 200 countries with over 24 million human infected cases (WHO 2020). The origin of SARS-CoV-2 remains unknown, though bat, pangolin, and snake were reported to be the potential animal reservoirs (Ji et al. 2020; Ward et al. 2020; Chen et al. 2020). Companion animals including dogs and cats were recent sporadically reported to be infected by SARS-CoV-2 with or without clinical symptoms (Li 2020a, b; Sailleau et al. 2020). Recently, both Chinese and American groups reported that cats were highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 after artificial inoculation and could spread the virus via respiratory droplets (Shi et al. 2020; Bosco-Lauth et al. 2020). Coincidently, Zhang et al. (2020) reported that 15 of 102 (14.7%) cats in Wuhan City during SARS-CoV-2 outbreak showed serological positive using an in-house indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Zhang et al. 2020). These reports raise a huge public concern as the infected cats could play a role in transmission of SARS-CoV-2. The high percentage of seropositivity of cats in Wuhan, the epicentre of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic, could be due to the large number of infected human cases (more than 14 folds than that in other cities) (Table 1) where cats may have been more frequently exposed to SARS-CoV-2 patients or contaminated environment. As yet, SARS-CoV-2 serological prevalence of cats in other Chinese cities remains unknown. Therefore, a serological survey including more cities with numbers of SARS-CoV-2 human cases in China will be valuable for elucidating the role of cats in transmission of the viruses and relieve public concerns. In this study, 630 cat serum samples collected before November 2019 and 423 cat serum samples collected during SARS-CoV-2 outbreak (from February 2020 to April 2020) in 20 cities in China for detecting the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies.

      Class Provinces (reported human cases) City Reported human cases Cat numbers ELISA results (OD450 readout)a
      Before Nov 2019 After Nov 2019
      A Hubei (68128) Wuhan 50333 0 48 − (0.005 to 0.195)
      Xiaogan 3518 0 16 − (0.007 to 0.124)
      Jingmen 928 0 20 − (0.005 to 0.132)
      Huanggang 2907 0 6 − (0.005 to 0.138)
      B Henan (1276) ZhengZhou 157 23 9 − (0.006 to 0.085)
      Luoyang 31 92 26 − (0.009 to 0.125)
      Guangdong (1579) Guangzhou 499 0 89 − (0.005 to 0.790)
      Shenzhen 460 0 4 − (0.005 to 0.013)
      C Heilongjiang (892) Harbin 224 7 10 − (0.007 to 0.034)
      Beijing (593) Beijing 593 145 37 − (0.005 to 0.101)
      Sichuan (561) Chengdu 166 0 9 − (0.007 to 0.078)
      Chongqing (579) Chongqing 579 17 10 − (0.005 to 0.081)
      Shandong (787) Qingdao 65 5 5 − (0.005 to 0.023)
      Yantai 47 0 9 − (0.005 to 0.100)
      Anhui (991) Hefei 174 0 6 − (0.007 to 0.039)
      D Tianjin (189) Tianjin 189 249 33 − (0.005 to 0.144)
      Jilin (102) Changchun 47 3 32 − (0.005 to 0.116)
      Hainan (168) Haikou 39 89 15 − (0.005 to 0.097)
      Guizhou (147) Guiyang 36 0 14 − (0.005 to 0.195)
      Yunnan (184) Kunming 53 0 25 − (0.005 to 0.186)
      Total 14 20 61045 630 423
      The cutoff was set as 0.26+ the mean value of OD450 of negative controls according to the manufacture's manual.
      aThe OD450 readout of positive controls ranged from 0.582 to 0.722.

      Table 1.  Detailed information about the cat serum samples in different cities and ELISA results.

      In a recent study, we conducted a survey of SARS-CoV-2 in 35 different species of animals, in which 87 cats including 66 pet cats and 21 stray cats were tested serological negative using a commercial ELISA Kit (Deng et al. 2020). There were no seropositive cat samples from Wuhan City in our study, which is totally different from the high serological prevalence of cats in Wuhan in Zhang's report. To further explore seropositivity among cats in other cities, 1053 cats were sampled before and after the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak from 20 cities of different provinces in China where the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic situations were classified into A, B, C, and D according to official reported numbers of human cases (Table 1). All cat serum samples were collected from pet hospitals. SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies were detected using ELISA as previously described (Deng et al. 2020).

      630 cat serum samples collected before the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 were tested to be serologically negative, which is consistent with Zhang's report (Zhang et al. 2020). To our surprise, 423 cat serum samples (including 48 samples in Wuhan and 42 samples in other 3 cities of Hubei Province) collected during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic were also serologically negative to SARS-CoV-2 (Table 1). To confirm this result, a real-time PCR specific for SARS-CoV-2 recommended by Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention was also applied to all 1053 samples and the results were consistent with the serologic test (Deng et al. 2020). The discrepancy of results between the two research groups could be due to the source of cat samples since all of our samples were collected from pet hospitals. Besides, a SARS-CoV-2 double-antigen sandwich ELISA based on S1 protein of the virus was applied in our study. The potential cross-reaction with other coronavirus including infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and rat coronavirus (RCV) were tested with corresponding positive serum samples were evaluated in our study. The results showed that it has good specificity without cross-reaction with other coronaviruses from different animal species. By contrast, an indirect ELISA base on virus receptor-binding domain (BRD) protein were used in Zhang's study (Zhang et al. 2020). The indirect ELISA showed good specificity since it has no serological cross-reactivity between the SARS-CoV-2 and type I or II feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV).

      Both Chinese and American research groups individually performed the artificial inoculation of SARS-CoV-2 to cats of different ages and proved cats were susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 (Shi et al. 2020; Bosco-Lauth et al. 2020). In their study, no clinical symptoms were observed after infection for adult cats. By contrast, juvenile cats (70-day to 3-month old) died at 3 days post-inoculation with severe histological lesions in the nasal and tracheal mucosa epithelium and lungs. However, the experimentally infected cats only had viral replications in their upper airways but not in the lower airways or other organs even with a high dose of virus (105 plaque-forming units) inoculation. In this study, no minimum infection dose was reported, which will provide valuable information to evaluate the virus load in natural environment where cats may get infected.

      It is interesting to note that one Belgium cat was reported to be infected by her SARS-CoV-2 positive owner and showed hard breathing, vomiting, and diarrhea. Among the 15 SARS-CoV-2 serologically positive cats in Zhang's report, the owners of 3 cats coincidently were confirmed to be SARS-CoV-2 positive (Zhang et al. 2020). Besides pet cats, one tiger and five lions were reported to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 in the Bronx zoo, USA, and infection was assumed to be caused by a SARS-CoV-2 positive zoo employee (Brownlie and Sibley 2020). Collectively, the above results demonstrated that cats can be infected with SARS-CoV-2 only by close contact with patients who were actively shedding the virus or the contaminated environments where the virus titer was relatively high. However, the reverse transmission from cats to human in natural condition is not yet known. As for the other species of animals for passing SARS-CoV-2 to human was not reported except for the minks in Netherlands (Oreshkova et al. 2020).

      The SARS-CoV-2 retrospective survey among cats is important to explain the role of cats play in the transmission of the virus, since cats could be infected by SARS-CoV-2 without clinical symptoms and have a narrow window for virus shedding. In this case, molecular techniques such as qRT-PCR may lead to false negative results. Under this circumstances, serological diagnosis result is more useful since the SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies in cats could be detected during a long period of time after infection. The serologically negative result of 1053 cats from 20 cities in our study indicates that cats play a limited role in transmission during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and as the social distancing animals the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among cat populations could be minimum. However, this preliminary conclusion was made based on a relative limited number of cat serum samples. A large number of cat populations should be needed for further investigation to confirm the above conclusion.

    • This research was supported by Luoyang SARS-CoV-2 epidemic prevention and control emergency response technology research project (Prof. Kegong Tian), and the Project of the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD) and Ten-thousand Talents Program (Prof. Xiangdong Li).

    • The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

    • This study was approved by the Animal Care and Ethics Committee of National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine with IACUC Number 2020001.

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