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Volume 27 Issue 6
December 2012

    Karl Maramorosch. THE THREE G's Meeting the Invertebrate Cell Culture Pioneers: Goldschmidt, Gaw, and Grace[J]. Virologica Sinica, 2012, 27(6): 325-332. doi: 10.1007/s12250-012-3295-0
    Citation: Karl Maramorosch. THE THREE G's Meeting the Invertebrate Cell Culture Pioneers: Goldschmidt, Gaw, and Grace .VIROLOGICA SINICA, 2012, 27(6) : 325-332.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12250-012-3295-0
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    THE THREE G’s

    cstr: 32224.14.s12250-012-3295-0

    • Entomology Department, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA

    • It was my good fortune to meet personally the three invertebrate cell culture pioneers, Richard Goldschmidt, Zan-Yin Gaw, and Thomas D. C. Grace (Fig. 1). In 1951 I met Goldschmidt at a symposium in Cold Spring Harbor, but I only knew that he was a prominent geneticist. I had no idea about his insect cell culture work at Yale University and daily contacts with Ross G. Harrison. In 1959 Zan Yin Gaw in Wuhan successfully cultured monolayers of silkworm cells for more than one year. I reported his breakthrough achievement at the 11th International Congress of Entomology in Vienna in 1960, but his work was completely ignored outside China. In 1982 Gaw invited me to Wuhan where he told me that he studied in the United States in the 1930s, working as postdoctoral scientist at the Rockefeller Institute, where he was daily meeting William Trager, and later at Yale University in the Osborn Laboratory, where he was inspired by Harrison. T. D. C. Grace worked in my laboratory at Rockefeller University during 1957 and 1958, then returned to CSIRO in Canberra, Australia. In 1962 he successfully established a cell line from the ovarian tissues of Antherea eucalypti pupae. The subsequent expansion of invertebrate cell culture involved the Nobel laureate Rita Levi Montalcini. I met her at a Growth Symposium, where I saw Harrison the last time. In 1969 she published the first of a dozen papers on in vitro studies of the embryonic nerve system of Periplaneta americana that led to her milestone discovery of the nerve growth factors. The “3 G-s” insect cell culture pioneers were directly or indirectly influenced and inspired by Harrison. Gaw was the only one who created a large following of insect cell culture researchers, who continued and expanded the work started by him in China.

    THE THREE G's Meeting the Invertebrate Cell Culture Pioneers: Goldschmidt, Gaw, and Grace

    • Entomology Department, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA

    • Corresponding author: Karl Maramorosch, karlmaramorosch@yahoo.com
    • Received Date: 14 November 2012
      Accepted Date: 22 November 2012
    • It was my good fortune to meet personally the three invertebrate cell culture pioneers, Richard Goldschmidt, Zan-Yin Gaw, and Thomas D. C. Grace (Fig. 1). In 1951 I met Goldschmidt at a symposium in Cold Spring Harbor, but I only knew that he was a prominent geneticist. I had no idea about his insect cell culture work at Yale University and daily contacts with Ross G. Harrison. In 1959 Zan Yin Gaw in Wuhan successfully cultured monolayers of silkworm cells for more than one year. I reported his breakthrough achievement at the 11th International Congress of Entomology in Vienna in 1960, but his work was completely ignored outside China. In 1982 Gaw invited me to Wuhan where he told me that he studied in the United States in the 1930s, working as postdoctoral scientist at the Rockefeller Institute, where he was daily meeting William Trager, and later at Yale University in the Osborn Laboratory, where he was inspired by Harrison. T. D. C. Grace worked in my laboratory at Rockefeller University during 1957 and 1958, then returned to CSIRO in Canberra, Australia. In 1962 he successfully established a cell line from the ovarian tissues of Antherea eucalypti pupae. The subsequent expansion of invertebrate cell culture involved the Nobel laureate Rita Levi Montalcini. I met her at a Growth Symposium, where I saw Harrison the last time. In 1969 she published the first of a dozen papers on in vitro studies of the embryonic nerve system of Periplaneta americana that led to her milestone discovery of the nerve growth factors. The “3 G-s” insect cell culture pioneers were directly or indirectly influenced and inspired by Harrison. Gaw was the only one who created a large following of insect cell culture researchers, who continued and expanded the work started by him in China.
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      1. Gaw Z Y, Liu N, Zia T U. Tissue culture methods for cultivation of virus grasserie. Acta Virologica. 1959.3:Suppl55-60.

      2. Goldschmidt R. 1915. Some experiment on spermatogenesis in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1:220-222.
          doi: 10.1073/pnas.1.4.220

      3. Goldschmidt R. 1916. Notiz uber einiger bemerkenswerte Erscheini gungen in Gewebekulturen von Inseken. Biol Zeitb. 36:160-167.

      4. Grace T D C. 1958. The prolonged growth and survival of the promethean moth (Callosamia promethea) in vitro. J Gen Physiol, 41: 1027.
          doi: 10.1085/jgp.41.5.1027

      5. Grace T D C. 1958. Effect of various substances on growth of silkworm tissues in vitro. Austr J Biol Sci, 2:407.

      6. Grace T D C. 1962. Establishment of four strains of cells from insect tissues grown in vitro. Nature, 195: 788-789.
          doi: 10.1038/195788a0

      7. Grace T D C. 1966. Establishment of a line of mosquito (Aedes aegypti L.) cells grown in vitro. Nature, (London) 211:366-367.
          doi: 10.1038/211366a0

      8. Grace T D C. 1982. Development of insect cell culture. In: Invertebrate Cell Culture Applications, Maramorosch K, Mitsuhashi J, Eds. New York: Academic Press, pp1-8.

      9. Levi Montalcini R. 1971. In vitro análysis of the insect nervous system. Boll Zool. 38:385-399.
          doi: 10.1080/11250007109431389

      10. Maramorosch K. 1956. Multiplication of aster yellows virus in in vitro preparations of insect tissues. Virology, 2:369-376.
          doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(56)90031-9

      11. Maramorosch K. 1960. Present status of insect tissue culture. Proc XI Intern Congress Entomol. 2:801-807.

      12. Maramorosch K. 1981. Ross GreenvilleHarrison: Biographical note. In: Advances in Cell Culture I. Maramorosch K, ed. New York: Academic Press. ⅩⅢ-XVI.

      13. Maramorosch K. 1982. Richard Benedict Goldschmidt: 1878-1958. Biographical note. In: Advances in Cell Culture Ⅱ. Maramorosch K, ed. New York: Academic Press. 13-15.

      14. Maramorosch K. 1989. Rita Levi Montalcini. In: Advances in Cell Culture Ⅶ, Maramorosch K and Sato G H, eds. New York: Academic Press. ⅩⅢ-ⅩⅦ.

      15. Medvedeva N B. 1959. The multiplication of a polyhedral virus in insect tissue cultures (in Russian). Voprosy Virusologi, 4:449.

      16. Medvedeva N B. 1960. On the cultivation of insect tissue culture in vitro (in Russian, with English summary). Rev Entom URSS, 39:77.

      17. Trager W. 1935. Cultivation of the virus of grasserie in silkworm tissue cultures. J Exp Med. 61: 501-513.
          doi: 10.1084/jem.61.4.501

      18. Trager W. 1938. Multiplication of the virus of equine encephalomyelitis in surviving mosquito tissues. Am J Trop Med. 18: 387-393.

      19. Wyatt S S. 1956. Culture in vitro of tissue from the silkworm Bombyx mori. L. J Gen Physiol. 39: 841-852.
          doi: 10.1085/jgp.39.6.841

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      THE THREE G's Meeting the Invertebrate Cell Culture Pioneers: Goldschmidt, Gaw, and Grace

        Corresponding author: Karl Maramorosch, karlmaramorosch@yahoo.com
      • Entomology Department, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
      • Received Date: 14 November 2012
      • Accepted Date: 22 November 2012

      Abstract: It was my good fortune to meet personally the three invertebrate cell culture pioneers, Richard Goldschmidt, Zan-Yin Gaw, and Thomas D. C. Grace (Fig. 1). In 1951 I met Goldschmidt at a symposium in Cold Spring Harbor, but I only knew that he was a prominent geneticist. I had no idea about his insect cell culture work at Yale University and daily contacts with Ross G. Harrison. In 1959 Zan Yin Gaw in Wuhan successfully cultured monolayers of silkworm cells for more than one year. I reported his breakthrough achievement at the 11th International Congress of Entomology in Vienna in 1960, but his work was completely ignored outside China. In 1982 Gaw invited me to Wuhan where he told me that he studied in the United States in the 1930s, working as postdoctoral scientist at the Rockefeller Institute, where he was daily meeting William Trager, and later at Yale University in the Osborn Laboratory, where he was inspired by Harrison. T. D. C. Grace worked in my laboratory at Rockefeller University during 1957 and 1958, then returned to CSIRO in Canberra, Australia. In 1962 he successfully established a cell line from the ovarian tissues of Antherea eucalypti pupae. The subsequent expansion of invertebrate cell culture involved the Nobel laureate Rita Levi Montalcini. I met her at a Growth Symposium, where I saw Harrison the last time. In 1969 she published the first of a dozen papers on in vitro studies of the embryonic nerve system of Periplaneta americana that led to her milestone discovery of the nerve growth factors. The “3 G-s” insect cell culture pioneers were directly or indirectly influenced and inspired by Harrison. Gaw was the only one who created a large following of insect cell culture researchers, who continued and expanded the work started by him in China.

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