-
Aparicio J L, Pena C, Retegui L A. 2011. Autoimmune hepatitis-like disease in C57BL/6 mice infected with mouse hepatitisvirus A59. Int Immunopharmacol, 11: 1591-1598.
doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.05.020
-
Barthold S W, Smith A L. 1984. Mouse hepatitis virus strain--related patterns of tissue tropism in suckling mice. Arch Virol, 81:103-112.
doi: 10.1007/BF01309300
-
Biddison W E, Cruikshank W W, Center D M, Pelfrey C M, Taub D D, Turner R V. 1998. CD8+ myelin peptide-specific T cells can chemoattract CD4+ myelin peptide-specifi c T cells: importance of IFN-inducible protein 10. J Immunol, 160: 444-448.
-
Chan J F, Li K S, To K K, Cheng V C, Chen H, Yuen K Y. 2012. Is the discovery of the novel human betacoronavirus 2c EMC/2012 (HCoV-EMC) the beginning of another SARS-like pandemic? JInfect, 65: 477-489.
-
Chen J, Subbarao K. 2007. The Immunobiology of SARS. Annu Rev Immunol, 25: 443-472.
doi: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141706
-
Chesler D A, Reiss C S. 2002. The role of IFN-gamma in immune responses to viral infections of the central nervous system. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev, 13: 441-454.
doi: 10.1016/S1359-6101(02)00044-8
-
Chu H, Z hou J, Wong B H, Li C, Cheng Z S, Lin X, Poon V K, Sun T, Lau C C, Chan J F, To K K, Chan K H, Lu L, Zheng B J, Yuen K Y. 2014. Productive replication of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in monocyte-derived dendritic cells modulates innate immune response. Virology, 454-455:197-205.
doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.02.018
-
Coleman C M, Matthews K L, Goicochea L, Frieman M B. 2014. Wild-type and innate immune-defi cient mice are not susceptible to the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Gen Virol, 95: 408-412.
doi: 10.1099/vir.0.060640-0
-
Coutelier J P, van der Logt J T, Heessen F W, Warnier G, Van Snick J. 1987. IgG2a restriction of murine antibodies elicited by viral infections. J Exp Med, 165: 64-69.
doi: 10.1084/jem.165.1.64
-
Day C W, Baric R, Cai S X, Frieman M, Kumaki Y, Morrey J D, Smee D F, Barnard D L. 2009. A new mouse-adapted strain of SARS-CoV as a lethal model for evaluating antiviral agents in vitro and in vivo. Virology, 395: 210-222.
doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.09.023
-
De Albuq uerque N, Baig E, Ma X, Zhang J, He W, Rowe A, Habal M, Liu M, Shalev I, Downey G P, Gorczynski R, Butany J, Leibowitz J, Weiss S R, McGilvray I D, Phillips M J, Fish E N, Levy G A. 2006. Murine hepatitis virus strain 1 produces a clinically relevant model of severe acute respiratory syndrome in A/ J mice. J Virol, 80: 10382-10394.
doi: 10.1128/JVI.00747-06
-
De Wit E, Prescott J, Baseler L, Bushmaker T, Thomas T, Lackemeyer M G, Martellaro C, Milne-Price S, Haddock E, Haagmans B L, Feldmann H, Munster V J. 2013. The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) does not replicate in Syrian hamsters. PLoS One, 8: e69127.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069127
-
DeAlbuqu erque N, Baig E, Xuezhong M, Shalev I, Phillips M J, Habal M, Leibowitz J, McGilvray I, Butany J, Fish E, Levy G. 2006. Murine hepatitis virus strain 1 as a model for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS). Adv Exp Med Biol, 581: 373-378.
doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-33012-9_66
-
Devitt E. 2013. Lack of small animal model hinders MERS coronavirus research. Nat Med, 19: 952.
doi: 10.1038/nm0813-952
-
Doyle S, Vaidya S, O'Connell R, Dadgostar H, Dempsey P, Wu T, Rao G, Sun R, Haberland M, Modlin R, Cheng G. 2002. IRF3 mediates a TLR3/TLR4-specifi c antiviral gene program. Immunity, 17: 251-263.
doi: 10.1016/S1074-7613(02)00390-4
-
Drosten C, Gunther S, Preiser W, van der Werf S, Brodt H R, Becker S, Rabenau H, Panning M, Kolesnikova L, Fouchier R A, Berger A, Burguiere A M, Cinatl J, Eickmann M, Escriou N, Grywna K, Kramme S, Manuguerra J C, Muller S, Rickerts V, Sturmer M, Vieth S, Klenk H D, Osterhaus A D, Schmitz H, Doerr H W. 2003. Identifi cation of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med, 348: 1967-1976.
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa030747
-
Falzaran o D, de Wit E, Feldmann F, Rasmussen A L, Okumura A, Peng X, Thomas M J, van Doremalen N, Haddock E, Nagy L, LaCasse R, Liu T, Zhu J, McLellan J S, Scott D P, Katze M G, Feldmann H, Munster V J. 2014. Infection with MERS-CoV causes lethal pneumonia in the common marmoset. PLoS Pathog, 10: e1004250.
doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004250
-
Farrar M A, Schreiber R D. 1993. The molecular cell biology of interferon-gamma and its receptor. Annu Rev Immunol, 11:571-611.
doi: 10.1146/annurev.iy.11.040193.003035
-
Frieman M, Yount B, Agnihothram S, Page C, Donaldson E, Roberts A, Vogel L, Woodruff B, Scorpio D, Subbarao K, Baric R S. 2012. Molecular determinants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus pathogenesis and virulence in young and aged mouse models of human disease. J Virol, 86: 884-897.
doi: 10.1128/JVI.05957-11
-
Ge X Y, Li J L, Yang X L, Chmura A A, Zhu G, Epstein J H, Mazet J K, Hu B, Zhang W, Peng C, Zhang Y J, Luo C M, Tan B, Wang N, Zhu Y, Crameri G, Zhang S Y, Wang L F, Daszak P, Shi Z L. 2013. Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS-like coronavirus that uses the ACE2 receptor. Nature, 503: 535-538.
doi: 10.1038/nature12711
-
Godfraind C, Holmes K V, Coutelier J P. 1995. Thymus involution induced by mouse hepatitis virus A59 in BALB/c mice. J Virol, 69: 6541-6547.
-
Gombold J L, Hingley S T, Weiss S R. 1993. Fusion-defective mutants of mouse hepatitis virus A59 contain a mutation in the spike protein cleavage signal. J Virol, 67: 4504-4512.
-
Graham R L, Donaldson E F, Baric R S. 2013. A decade after SARS: strategies for controlling emerging coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol, 11: 836-848.
doi: 10.1038/nrmicro3143
-
He L, Ding Y, Zhang Q, Che X, He Y, Shen H, Wang H, Li Z, Zhao L, Geng J, Deng Y, Yang L, Li J, Cai J, Qiu L, Wen K, Xu X, Jiang S. 2006. Expression of elevated levels of pro-infl ammatory cytokines in SARS-CoV-infected ACE2+ cells in SARS patients: relation to the acute lung injury and pathogenesis of SARS. J Pathol, 210: 288-297.
doi: 10.1002/path.2067
-
Hemmila E, Turbide C, Olson M, Jothy S, Holmes K V, Beauchemin N. 2004. Ceacam1a-/-mice are completely resistant to infection by murine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus A59. J Virol, 78: 10156-10165.
doi: 10.1128/JVI.78.18.10156-10165.2004
-
Huang K J, Su I J, Theron M, Wu Y C, Lai S K, Liu C C, Lei H Y. 2005. An interferon-gamma-related cytokine storm in SARS patients. J Med Virol, 75: 185-194.
doi: 10.1002/jmv.20255
-
Jiang Y, Xu J, Zhou C, Wu Z, Zhong S, Liu J, Luo W, Chen T, Qin Q, Deng P. 2005. Characterization of cytokine/chemokine profi les of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 171: 850-857.
doi: 10.1164/rccm.200407-857OC
-
Kim J C, Spence R A, Currier P F, Lu X, Denison M R. 1995. Coronavirus protein processing and RNA synthesis is inhibited by the cysteine proteinase inhibitor E64d. Virology, 208: 1-8.
doi: 10.1006/viro.1995.1123
-
Kim K D, Zhao J, Auh S, Yang X, Du P, Tang H, Fu Y X. 2007. Adaptive immune cells temper initial innate responses. Nat Med, 13: 1248-1252.
doi: 10.1038/nm1633
-
Ksiazek T G, Erdman D, Goldsmith C S, Zaki S R, Peret T, Emery S, Tong S, Urbani C, Comer J A, Lim W, Rollin P E, Dowell S F, Ling A E, Humphrey C D, Shieh W J, Guarner J, Paddock C D, Rota P, Fields B, DeRisi J, Yang J Y, Cox N, Hughes J M, LeDuc J W, Bellini W J, Anderson L J. 2003. A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med, 348: 1953-1966.
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa030781
-
Lau S K, Lau C C, Chan K H, Li C P, Chen H, Jin D Y, Chan J F, Woo P C, Yuen K Y. 2013. Delayed induction of proinfl ammatory cytokines and suppression of innate antiviral response by the novel Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: implications for pathogenesis and treatment. J Gen Virol, 94:2679-2690.
doi: 10.1099/vir.0.055533-0
-
Lau S K, Woo P C, Li K S, Huang Y, Tsoi H W, Wong B H, Wong S S, Leung S Y, Chan K H, Yuen K Y. 2005. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in Chinese horseshoe bats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 102: 14040-14045.
doi: 10.1073/pnas.0506735102
-
Lavi E, Gilden D H, Highkin M K, Weiss S R. 1986. The organ tropism of mouse hepatitis virus A59 in mice is dependent on dose and route of inoculation. Lab Anim Sci, 36: 130-135.
-
Lavi E, Gilden D H, Wroblewska Z, Rorke L B, Weiss S R. 1984. Experimental demyelination produced by the A59 strain of mouse hepatitis virus. Neurology, 34: 597-603.
doi: 10.1212/WNL.34.5.597
-
Leibowitz J L, Srinivasa R, Williamson S T, Chua M M, Liu M, Wu S, Kang H, Ma X Z, Zhang J, Shalev I, Smith R, Phillips M J, Levy G A, Weiss S R. 2010. Genetic determinants of mouse hepatitis virus strain 1 pneumovirulence. J Virol, 84: 9278-9291.
doi: 10.1128/JVI.00330-10
-
Li W, Shi Z, Yu M, Ren W, Smith C, Epstein J H, Wang H, Crameri G, Hu Z, Zhang H, Zhang J, McEachern J, Field H, Daszak P, Eaton B T, Zhang S, Wang L F. 2005. Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses. Science, 310: 676-679.
doi: 10.1126/science.1118391
-
Loetscher M, Gerber B, Loetscher P, Jones S A, Piali L, Clark-Lewis I, Baggiolini M, Moser B. 1996. Chemokine receptor specifi c for IP10 and mig: structure, function, and expression in activated T-lymphocytes. J Exp Med, 184: 963-969.
doi: 10.1084/jem.184.3.963
-
Ma X Z, Bartczak A, Zhang J, Khattar R, Chen L, Liu M F, Edwards A, Levy G, McGilvray I D. 2010. Proteasome inhibition in vivo promotes survival in a lethal murine model of severe acute respiratory syndrome. J Virol, 84: 12419-12428.
doi: 10.1128/JVI.01219-10
-
Marten N W, Stohlman S A, Bergmann C C. 2001. MHV infection of the CNS: mechanisms of immune-mediated control. Viral Immunol, 14: 1-18.
doi: 10.1089/08828240151061329
-
McCray P B Jr., Pewe L, Wohlford-Lenane C, Hickey M, Manzel L, Shi L, Netland J, Jia H P, Halabi C, Sigmund C D, Meyerholz D K, Kirby P, Look D C, Perlman S. 2007. Lethal infection of K18-hACE2 mice infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Virol, 81: 813-821.
doi: 10.1128/JVI.02012-06
-
Meduri G U, Kohler G, Headley S, Tolley E, Stentz F, Postlethwaite A. 1995. Infl ammatory cytokines in the BAL of patients with ARDS. Persistent elevation over time predicts poor outcome. Chest, 108: 1303-1314.
doi: 10.1378/chest.108.5.1303
-
Meduri G U, Headley S, Kohler G, Stentz F, Tolley E, Umberger R, Leeper K. 1995. Persistent elevation of infl ammatory cytokines predicts a poor outcome in ARDS. Plasma IL-1 beta and IL-6 levels are consistent and efficient predictors of outcome over time. Chest, 107: 1062-1073.
doi: 10.1378/chest.107.4.1062
-
Munster V J, de Wit E, Feldmann H. 2013. Pneumonia from human coronavirus in a macaque model. N Engl J Med, 368: 1560-1562.
doi: 10.1056/NEJMc1215691
-
Nicholls J M, Poon L L, Lee K C, Ng W F, Lai S T, Leung C Y, Chu C M, Hui P K, Mak K L, Lim W, Yan K W, Chan K H, Tsang N C, Guan Y, Yuen K Y, Peiris J S. 2003. Lung pathology of fatal severe acute respiratory syndrome. Lancet, 361: 1773-1778.
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13413-7
-
Osterhau s A D, Fouchier R A, Kuiken T. 2004. The aetiology of SARS: Koch's postulates fulfi lled. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 359: 1081-1082.
doi: 10.1098/rstb.2004.1489
-
Parra B, Hinton D R, Marten N W, Bergmann C C, Lin M T, Yang C S, Stohlman S A. 1999. IFN-gamma is required for viral clearance from central nervous system oligodendroglia. J Immunol, 162: 1641-1647.
-
Peiris J S, Lai S T, Poon L L, Guan Y, Yam L Y, Lim W, Nicholls J, Yee W K, Yan W W, Cheung M T, Cheng V C, Chan K H, Tsang D N, Yung R W, Ng T K, Yuen K Y. 2003. Coronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Lancet, 361: 1319-1325.
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13077-2
-
Reghunat han R, Jayapal M, Hsu L Y, Chng H H, Tai D, Leung B P, Melendez A J. 2005. Expression profi le of immune response genes in patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. BMC Immunol, 6: 2.
doi: 10.1186/1471-2172-6-2
-
Roberts A, Deming D, Paddock C D, Cheng A, Yount B, Vogel L, Herman B D, Sheahan T, Heise M, Genrich G L, Zaki S R, Baric R, Subbarao K. 2007. A mouse-adapted SARS-coronavirus causes disease and mortality in BALB/c mice. PLoS Pathog, 3: e5.
doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030005
-
Ruby J, Ramshaw I. 1991. The antiviral activity of immune CD8+ T cells is dependent on interferon-gamma. Lymphokine Cytokine Res, 10: 353-358.
-
Schaad M C, Stohlman S A, Egbert J, Lum K, Fu K, Wei T Jr., Baric R S. 1990. Genetics of mouse hepatitis virus transcription: identification of cistrons which may function in positive and negative strand RNA synthesis. Virology, 177: 634-645.
doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(90)90529-Z
-
Schijns V E, Haagmans B L, Wierda C M, Kruithof B, Heijnen I A, Alber G, Horzinek M C. 1998. Mice lacking IL-12 develop polarized Th1 cells during viral infection. J Immunol, 160: 3958-3964.
-
Snijder E J, Bredenbeek P J, Dobbe J C, Thiel V, Ziebuhr J, Poon L L, Guan Y, Rozanov M, Spaan W J, Gorbalenya A E. 2003. Unique and conserved features of genome and proteome of SARS-coronavirus, an early split-off from the coronavirus group 2 lineage. J Mol Biol, 331: 991-1004.
doi: 10.1016/S0022-2836(03)00865-9
-
Wang G, Chen G, Zheng D, Cheng G, Tang H. 2011. PLP2 of mouse hepatitis virus A59 (MHV-A59) targets TBK1 to negatively regulate cellular type I interferon signaling pathway. PLoS One, 6: e17192.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017192
-
Ward S E, Loutfy M R, Blatt L M, Siminovitch K A, Chen J, Hinek A, Wolff B, Pham D H, Deif H, LaMere E A, Kain K C, Farcas G A, Ferguson P, Latchford M, Levy G, Fung L, Dennis J W, Lai E K, Fish E N. 2005. Dynamic changes in clinical features and cytokine/chemokine responses in SARS patients treated with interferon alfacon-1 plus corticosteroids. Antivir Ther, 10: 263-275.
-
Weiss S R, Navas-Martin S. 2005. Coronavirus pathogenesis and the emerging pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev, 69: 635-664.
doi: 10.1128/MMBR.69.4.635-664.2005
-
Zaki A M, van Boheemen S, Bestebroer T M, Osterhaus A D, Fouchier R A. 2012. Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. N Engl J Med, 367: 1814-1820.
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1211721
-
Zhao J, Kim K D, Yang X, Auh S, Fu Y X, Tang H. 2008. Hyper innate responses in neonates lead to increased morbidity and mortality after infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 105: 7528-7533.
doi: 10.1073/pnas.0800152105
-
Zhao J, Li K, Wohlford-Lenane C, Agnihothram S S, Fett C, Gale M J Jr., Baric R S, Enjuanes L, Gallagher T, McCray P B Jr., Perlman S. 2014. Rapid generation of a mouse model for Middle East respiratory syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 111: 4970-4975.
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1323279111
-
Zheng D, Chen G, Guo B, Cheng G, Tang H. 2008. PLP2, a potent deubiquitinase from murine hepatitis virus, strongly inhibits cellular type I interferon production. Cell Res, 18: 1105-1113.
-
Zhou J, Chu H, Li C, Wong B H, Cheng Z S, Poon V K, Sun T, Lau C C, Wong K K, Chan J Y, Chan J F, To K K, Chan K H, Zheng B J, Yuen K Y. 2014. Active replication of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and aberrant induction of infl ammatory cytokines and chemokines in human macrophages: implications for pathogenesis. J Infect Dis, 209: 1331-1342.
doi: 10.1093/infdis/jit504