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Volume 38 Issue 4
August 2023
    Citation: Ke Wang, Yu Pan, Dianbing Wang, Ye Yuan, Min Li, Yuanyuan Chen, Lijun Bi, Xian-En Zhang. Altered hACE2 binding affinity and S1/S2 cleavage efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein mutants affect viral cell entry .VIROLOGICA SINICA, 2023, 38(4) : 595-605.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virs.2023.06.005
    shu

    Altered hACE2 binding affinity and S1/S2 cleavage efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein mutants affect viral cell entry

    • a. National Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China;

    • b. Faculty of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China;

    • c. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China

    • Corresponding author: Xian-En Zhang, zhangxe@ibp.ac.cn
    • Received Date: 31 January 2023
      Accepted Date: 15 June 2023
      Available online: 19 June 2023
    • SARS-CoV-2 variants are constantly emerging, hampering public health measures in controlling the number of infections. While it is well established that mutations in spike proteins observed for the different variants directly affect virus entry into host cells, there remains a need for further expansion of systematic and multifaceted comparisons. Here, we comprehensively studied the effect of spike protein mutations on spike expression and proteolytic activation, binding affinity, viral entry efficiency and host cell tropism of eight variants of concern (VOC) and variants of interest (VOI). We found that both the full-length spike and its receptor-binding domain (RBD) of Omicron bind to hACE2 with an affinity similar to that of the wild-type. In addition, Alpha, Beta, Delta and Lambda pseudoviruses gained significantly enhanced cell entry ability compared to the wild-type, while the Omicron pseudoviruses showed a slightly increased cell entry, suggesting the vastly increased rate of transmission observed for Omicron variant is not associated with its affinity to hACE2. We also found that the spikes of Omicron and Mu showed lower S1/S2 cleavage efficiency and inefficiently utilized TMPRSS2 to enter host cells than others, suggesting that they prefer the endocytosis pathway to enter host cells. Furthermore, all variants' pseudoviruses we tested gained the ability to enter the animal ACE2-expressing cells. Especially the infection potential of rats and mice showed significantly increased, strongly suggesting that rodents possibly become a reservoir for viral evolution. The insights gained from this study provide valuable guidance for a targeted approach to epidemic control, and contribute to a better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 evolution.
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      10.1016j.virs.2023.06.005-ESM.doc

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      Altered hACE2 binding affinity and S1/S2 cleavage efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein mutants affect viral cell entry

        Corresponding author: Xian-En Zhang, zhangxe@ibp.ac.cn
      • a. National Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China;
      • b. Faculty of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China;
      • c. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
      • Received Date: 31 January 2023
      • Accepted Date: 15 June 2023

      Abstract: SARS-CoV-2 variants are constantly emerging, hampering public health measures in controlling the number of infections. While it is well established that mutations in spike proteins observed for the different variants directly affect virus entry into host cells, there remains a need for further expansion of systematic and multifaceted comparisons. Here, we comprehensively studied the effect of spike protein mutations on spike expression and proteolytic activation, binding affinity, viral entry efficiency and host cell tropism of eight variants of concern (VOC) and variants of interest (VOI). We found that both the full-length spike and its receptor-binding domain (RBD) of Omicron bind to hACE2 with an affinity similar to that of the wild-type. In addition, Alpha, Beta, Delta and Lambda pseudoviruses gained significantly enhanced cell entry ability compared to the wild-type, while the Omicron pseudoviruses showed a slightly increased cell entry, suggesting the vastly increased rate of transmission observed for Omicron variant is not associated with its affinity to hACE2. We also found that the spikes of Omicron and Mu showed lower S1/S2 cleavage efficiency and inefficiently utilized TMPRSS2 to enter host cells than others, suggesting that they prefer the endocytosis pathway to enter host cells. Furthermore, all variants' pseudoviruses we tested gained the ability to enter the animal ACE2-expressing cells. Especially the infection potential of rats and mice showed significantly increased, strongly suggesting that rodents possibly become a reservoir for viral evolution. The insights gained from this study provide valuable guidance for a targeted approach to epidemic control, and contribute to a better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 evolution.

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