Citation: Liyan Fu, Hongzhi Xu, Ying Peng, Chenxuan Li, Jun Ni, Yanfang Zhang, Xijia Liu, Jie Fu, Zhengyuan Su, Jin Qian, Jiayin Jin, Jinfeng Xiong, Qi Chen, Xuhua Guan, Shuang Tang, Fei Deng, Dan Liu, Shu Shen, Banghua Chen, Xiaoli Wu. A fatal human case of co-infection with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus and Nairobi sheep disease virus .VIROLOGICA SINICA, 2026, 41(5) : 1243-1246.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virs.2026.08.013

A fatal human case of co-infection with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus and Nairobi sheep disease virus

  • Highlights
    1 First fatal human co-infection with SFTSV and NSDV.
    2 First confirmed natural human NSDV infection in China.
    3 Haemaphysalis longicornis is a potential vector for SFTSV and NSDV.

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  • 10.1016j.virs.2026.08.013-ESM.docx
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    3. Krasteva, S., Jara, M., Frias-De-Diego, A., Machado, G., 2020. Nairobi Sheep Disease Virus: A Historical and Epidemiological Perspective. Front. Vet. Sci. 7, 419.

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    7. Peng, C., Hao, Y., Yuan, Y., Ma, W., Zhang, D., Kong, J., Zhang, H., Li, N., Xiao, P., 2025. Bandavirus dabieense: A review of epidemiology, clinical characteristics, pathophysiology, treatment and prevention. Virulence 16, 2520343.

    8. Ren, Y., Tian, H., Xu, J., Liu, M., Cai, K., Chen, S., Ni, X., Li, Y., Hou, W., Chen, L., 2023. Extensive genetic diversity of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus circulating in Hubei Province, China, 2018-2022. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 17, e0011654.

    9. Shen, S., Zhang, Y., Yin, Z., Zhu, Q., Zhang, J., Wang, T., Fang, Y., Wu, X., Bai, Y., Dai, S., Liu, X., Jin, J., Tang, S., Liu, J., Wang, M., Guo, Y., Deng, F., 2022. Antiviral activity and mechanism of the antifungal drug, anidulafungin, suggesting its potential to promote treatment of viral diseases. BMC Med 20, 359.

    10. Xiao, J., Yao, X., Guan, X., Xiong, J., Fang, Y., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Moming, A., Su, Z., Jin, J., Ge, Y., Wang, J., Fan, Z., Tang, S., Shen, S., Deng, F., 2024. Viromes of Haemaphysalis longicornis reveal different viral abundance and diversity in free and engorged ticks. Virol Sin 39, 194-204.

    11. Xu, N., Wen, S., Yao, Y., Guan, Y., Zhao, L., Yang, L., Yang, H., He, Y., Wang, G., 2025. Two-transcript signature for differentiation and clinical outcomes in severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) patients: a double-blind, multicenter, validation study. J Clin Microbiol 63, e01282-24.

    12. Yang, L., Zhao, Z., Hou, G., Zhang, C., Liu, J., Xu, L., Li, W., Tan, Z., Tu, C., He, B., 2019. Genomes and seroprevalence of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus and Nairobi sheep disease virus in Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks and goats in Hubei, China. Virology 529, 234-245.

    13. Yao, X.-Y., Wang, M.-H., Zhang, X.-L., Zhang, X., Liang, D.-X., Li, S.-H., Lian, C.-Y., Lv, Z.-H., Xia, C.-Y., Yang, M., Shao, J.-W., Yin, X., 2025. Epidemiological, virological, and pathogenic insights into Nairobi sheep disease virus infection in sheep and goats in China. J Virol 99, e00006-25.

    14. Yu, X.J., Liang, M.F., Zhang, S.Y., Liu, Y., Li, J.D., Sun, Y.L., Zhang, L., Zhang, Q.F., Popov, V.L., Li, C., Qu, J., Li, Q., Zhang, Y.-P., Hai, R., Wu, W., Wang, Q., Zhan, F.-X., Wang, X.J., Kan, B., Wang, S.W., Wan, K.L., Jing, H.Q., Lu, J.X., Yin, W.-W., Zhou, H., Guan, X.H., Liu, J.F., Bi, Z.Q., Liu, G.H., Ren, J., Wang, H., Zhao, Z., Song, J.-D., He, J.R., Wan, T., Zhang, J.S., Fu, X.P., Sun, L.N., Dong, X.P., Feng, Z.J., Yang, W.Z., Hong, T., Zhang, Y., Walker, D.H., Wang, Y., Li, D.X., 2011. Fever with Thrombocytopenia Associated with a Novel Bunyavirus in China. N Engl J Med 364, 1523-1532.

    15. Zhang, Z., Hu, X., Du, Q., Mo, P., Chen, X., Luo, M., Jiang, Q., Deng, L., Xiong, Y., 2025. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of disseminated intravascular coagulation in patients with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome. BMC Infect Dis 25, 508.

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    A fatal human case of co-infection with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus and Nairobi sheep disease virus

      Corresponding author: Dan Liu, liudan125@wust.edu.cn
      Corresponding author: Shu Shen, shenshu@wh.iov.cn
      Corresponding author: Banghua Chen, chenbanghua@163.com
      Corresponding author: Xiaoli Wu, wxl@wh.iov.cn
    • a. Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China;
    • b. State Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China;
    • c. Wuhan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430021, China;
    • d. Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China;
    • e. College of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401331, China;
    • f. Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing Academy of Preventive Medicine, Chongqing 400707, China

    Abstract: Highlights
    1 First fatal human co-infection with SFTSV and NSDV.
    2 First confirmed natural human NSDV infection in China.
    3 Haemaphysalis longicornis is a potential vector for SFTSV and NSDV.

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