2024 Vol.39(6)

The live attenuated hepatitis A virus (HAV) vaccine H2 strain was developed through the passaging of a wild-type H2w isolate in cell cultures. Currently, the mechanism underlying its attenuation phenotype remain largely unknown. In this issue, Yan et al. reported the first full-length infectious cDNA clone of the H2 strain. The recovered H2ic virus closely resembles the original H2 strain both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, by utilizing a chimeric approach based on this reverse genetic system, the authors identified that mutations in the 2B, 2C, and 3A genes are primarily responsible for significantly enhancing virus growth in cultured cells, while mutations in the 3C and 3D genes have a lesser impact. The cover image highlights that the reverse genetic system of the H2 strain serves as a vital platform for advancing the genetic and functional analysis of the HAV life cycle and for facilitating vaccine development (Kindly designed and provided by Prof. Xiao-Feng Li and Cheng-Feng Qin). See page 882-891 for details.

Minireview

Ten computational challenges in human virome studies

Yifan Wu, Yousong Peng

2024, 39(6): 845 doi: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.04.008

Received: 10 January 2024 Accepted: 25 April 2024
Abstract [PDF 642 KB] ScienceDirect
In recent years, substantial advancements have been achieved in understanding the diversity of the human virome and its intricate roles in human health and diseases. Despite this progress, the field of human virome research remains nascent, primarily hindered by the lack of effective methods, particularly in the domain of computational tools. This perspective systematically outlines ten computational challenges spanning various types of virome studies. These challenges arise due to the vast diversity of viromes, the absence of a universal marker gene in viral genomes, the low abundance of virus populations, the remote or minimal homology of viral proteins to known proteins, and the highly dynamic and heterogeneous nature of viromes. For each computational challenge, we discuss the underlying reasons, current research progress, and potential solutions. The resolution of these challenges necessitates ongoing collaboration among computational scientists, virologists, and multidisciplinary experts. In essence, this perspective serves as a comprehensive guide for directing computational efforts in human virome studies.
Research Articles

Viral load dynamics in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients during Omicron BA.2 outbreak in Shanghai, China, 2022: A longitudinal cohort study

Jingwen Ai, Jiaxin Zhou, Yang Li, Feng Sun, Shijia Ge, Haocheng Zhang, Yanpeng Wu, Yan Wang, Yilin Zhang, Hongyu Wang, Jianpeng Cai, Xian Zhou, Sen Wang, Rong Li, Zhen Feng, Xiangyanyu Xu, Xuemei Yan, Yuchen Zhao, Juanjuan Zhang, Hongjie Yu, Wenhong Zhang

2024, 39(6): 851 doi: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.10.001

Received: 31 January 2024 Accepted: 08 October 2024
Abstract [PDF 1615 KB] ScienceDirect ESM
The SARS-CoV-2 virus, particularly the Omicron BA.2 variant, led to a significant surge in Shanghai, 2022. However, the viral load dynamic in Omicron infections with varying clinical severities remain unclear. This prospective cohort included 48,830 hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients across three hospitals in Shanghai, China, between 23 March and 15 May, 2022. Systematic nucleic acid testing was performed using RT-PCR Cycle threshold (Ct) value as a proxy of viral load. We analyzed the kinetic characteristics of viral shedding by clinical severity and identified associated risk factors. The study comprised 31.06% asymptomatic cases, 67.66% mild-moderate cases, 1.00% severe cases, 0.29% critical and fatal cases. Upon admission, 57% of patients tested positive, with peak viral load observed at 4 days (median Ct value 27.5), followed by a decrease and an average viral shedding time (VST) of 6.1 days (Interquartile range, 4.0–8.8 days). Although viral load exhibited variation by age and clinical severity, peak Ct values occurred at similar times. Unvaccinated status, age exceeding 60, and comorbidities including hypertension, renal issues kidney dialysis and kidney transplantation, neurological disorders, rheumatism, and psychotic conditions were found to correlate with elevated peak viral load and extended VST. Asymptomatic cases demonstrated a 40% likelihood of contagiousness within 6 days of detection, while mild-moderate and severe cases exhibited post-symptom resolution infectious probabilities of 27% and over 50%, respectively. These findings revealed that the initial Ct values serve as a predictive indicator of severe outcomes. Unvaccinated elderly individuals with particular comorbidities are at high-risk for elevated viral load and prolonged VST.

Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals the diversity of the immunological landscape response to genital herpes

Siji Chen, Jiang Zhu, Chunting Hua, Chenxi Feng, Xia Wu, Can Zhou, Xianzhen Chen, Boya Zhang, Yaohan Xu, Zeyu Ma, Jianping He, Na Jin, Yinjing Song, Stijn van der Veen, Hao Cheng

2024, 39(6): 860 doi: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.10.003

Received: 22 April 2024 Accepted: 12 October 2024
Abstract [PDF 8753 KB] ScienceDirect ESM
Genital herpes (GH) is a common sexually transmitted disease, which is primarily caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), and continues to be a global health concern. Although our understanding of the alterations in immune cell populations and immunomodulation in GH patients is still limited, it is evident that systemic intrinsic immunity, innate immunity, and adaptive immunity play crucial roles during HSV-2 infection and GH reactivation. To investigate the mechanisms underlying HSV-2 infection and recurrence, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was performed on immune cells isolated from the peripheral blood of both healthy individuals and patients with recurrent GH. Furthermore, the systemic immune response in patients with recurrent GH showed activation of classical monocytes, CD4+ T cells, natural killer cells (NK cells), and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), especially of genes associated with the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway and T cell activation. Circulating immune cells in GH patients show higher expression of genes associated with inflammation and antiviral responses both in the scRNA-Seq data set and in independent quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis and ELISA experiments. This study demonstrated that localized genital herpes, resulting from HSV reactivation, may influence the functionality of circulating immune cells, suggesting a potential avenue for future research into the role of systemic immunity during HSV infection and recurrence.

The first discovery of severe fever with thrombocytopenia virus in the center of metropolitan Beijing, China

Fei Yuan, Lianglong Zhu, Di Tian, Mengyu Xia, Ming-hao Zheng, Qing Zhang, Tingyu Zhang, Xing Zhang, Aihua Zheng

2024, 39(6): 875 doi: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.11.002

Received: 04 June 2024 Accepted: 05 November 2024
Abstract [PDF 1896 KB] ScienceDirect ESM
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia virus (SFTSV), an emerging tick-borne bandavirus, poses a significant public health threat in rural China. Since 2021, an increase of local cases has been noted in the rural-urban fringe of Beijing. This study aimed to assess the formation of natural foci in urban areas by conducting a field survey of ticks and hedgehogs from the second to fifth ring roads of Beijing. Our survey revealed a diverse tick population in city parks, including the major SFTSV vector, Haemaphysalis longicornis. Parthenogenetic H. longicornis, known for its role in the rapid spread of SFTSV, was identified in key locations such as Beihai Park and Taoranting Park, near the Forbidden City. Notably, high SFTSV seroprevalence and RNA prevalence were found in hedgehogs and parasitic ticks in the center of Beijing. Phylogenetic analyses of SFTSV RNA and mitochondrial sequences of parthenogenetic H. longicornis ticks revealed the existence of diverse lineages of SFTSV and H. longicornis ticks within Beijing, suggesting multiple invasion events happened. These findings reveal the circulation of SFTSV in central Beijing, highlighting the need for urgent attention and enhanced surveillance measures.

Identification of mutations in viral proteins involved in cell adaptation using a reverse genetic system of the live attenuated hepatitis A virus vaccine H2 strain

Xiu-Li Yan, Jian Li, Qing-Qing Ma, Hong-Jiang Wang, Lin Li, Hui Zhao, Cheng-Feng Qin, Xiao-Feng Li

2024, 39(6): 882 doi: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.08.004

Received: 10 April 2024 Accepted: 12 August 2024
Abstract [PDF 3521 KB] ScienceDirect
The live attenuated hepatitis A virus vaccine H2 strain was developed by passaging a wild-type H2w isolate in cell cultures. Currently, the mechanism underlying its attenuation phenotype remain largely unknown. In this study, we generated a full-length infectious cDNA clone of the H2 strain using in-fusion techniques. The recovered H2 strain (H2ic) from the cDNA clone exhibited an efficient replication in both the hepatoma cell line Huh7.5.1 and the 2BS cell line used for vaccine production, similar to the parental H2 strain. Additionally, H2ic did not cause disease in Ifnar1-/- C57 mice, consistent with the H2 strain. To explore the cell-adaptive mutations of the H2 strain, chimeric viruses were generated by replacing its non-structural proteins with corresponding regions from H2w using the infectious cDNA clone as a genetic backbone. The chimeric viruses carrying the 3C or 3D proteins from H2w showed decreased replication in Huh7.5.1 and 2BS cell lines compared to H2ic. Other chimeric viruses containing the 2B, 2C, or 3A proteins from H2w failed to be recovered. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in disease manifestation in mice between H2ic and the recovered chimeric viruses. These results demonstrate that adaptive mutations in the 2B, 2C, and 3A proteins are essential for efficient replication of the H2 strain in cell cultures. Mutations in the 3C and 3D proteins contribute to enhanced replication in cell cultures but did not influence the attenuated phenotypes in mice. Together, this study presents the first reverse genetic system of the H2 strain and identifies viral proteins essential for adaptation to cell cultures.

Bis-benzylisoquinoline alkaloids inhibit flavivirus entry and replication by compromising endolysosomal trafficking and autophagy

Lihong Huang, Lele Liu, Junhai Zhu, Nanjun Chen, Jie Chen, Chuen-Fuk Chan, Fei Gao, Youqin Yin, Jiufeng Sun, Rongxin Zhang, Kehui Zhang, Wenbao Qi, Jianbo Yue

2024, 39(6): 892 doi: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.09.001

Received: 26 May 2024 Accepted: 29 August 2024
Abstract [PDF 6417 KB] ScienceDirectESM
Flaviviruses, such as dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), represent a substantial public health challenge as there are currently no approved treatments available. Here, we investigated the antiviral effects of bis-benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BBAs) on flavivirus infections. We evaluated five specific BBAs—berbamine, tetrandrine, iso-tetrandrine, fangchinoline, and cepharanthine—and found that they effectively inhibited infections by ZIKV, DENV, or JEV by blocking virus entry and genome replication stages in the flavivirus life cycle. Furthermore, we synthesized a fluorophore-conjugated BBA and showed that BBAs targeted endolysosomes, causing lysosomal pH alkalization. Mechanistic studies on inhibiting ZIKV infection by BBAs revealed that these compounds blocked TRPML channels, leading to lysosomal dysfunction and reducing the expression of NCAM1, a key receptor for the entry of ZIKV into cells, thereby decreasing cells susceptibility to ZIKV infection. Additionally, BBAs inhibited the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes, significantly reducing viral RNA replication. Collectively, our results suggest that BBAs inhibit flavivirus entry and replication by compromising endolysosomal trafficking and autophagy, respectively, underscoring the potential of BBAs as therapeutic agents against flavivirus infections.

Ferritin nanoparticle-based Nipah virus glycoprotein vaccines elicit potent protective immune responses in mice and hamsters

Shaohong Chen, Xinghai Zhang, Yanfeng Yao, Shengdong Wang, Kangyin Li, Baoyue Zhang, Tianxi Ye, Li Chen, Yan Wu, Entao Li, Bichao Xu, Pei Zhang, Xia Chuai, Yong Ran, Rui Gong, Huajun Zhang, Sandra Chiu

2024, 39(6): 909 doi: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.09.005

Received: 20 June 2024 Accepted: 11 September 2024
Abstract [PDF 2280 KB] ScienceDirectESM
Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic paramyxovirus in the genus Henipavirus that is prevalent in Southeast Asia. NiV leads to severe respiratory disease and encephalitis in humans and animals, with a mortality rate of up to 75%. Despite the grave threat to public health and global biosecurity, no medical countermeasures are available for humans. Here, based on self-assembled ferritin nanoparticles (FeNPs), we successfully constructed two candidate FeNP vaccines by loading mammalian cells expressing NiV sG (residues 71-602, FeNP-sG) and Ghead (residues 182-602, FeNP-Ghead) onto E. coli-expressed FeNPs (FeNP-sG and FeNP-Ghead, respectively) through Spycatcher/Spytag technology. Compared with sG and Ghead alone, FeNP-sG and FeNP-Ghead elicited significant NiV specific neutralizing antibody levels and T-cell responses in mice, whereas the immune response in the FeNP-sG immunized group was greater than that in the FeNP-Ghead group. These results further demonstrate that sG possesses greater antigenicity than Ghead and that FeNPs can dramatically enhance immunogenicity. Furthermore, FeNP-sG provided 100% protection against NiV challenge in a hamster model when it was administered twice at a dose of 5 μg/per animal. Our study provides not only a promising candidate vaccine against NiV, but also a theoretical foundation for the design of a NiV immunogen for the development of novel strategies against NiV infection.

Efficient and robust reverse genetics system for bovine rotavirus generation and its application for antiviral screening

Song-Kang Qin, Kuan-Hao Li, Ben-Jin Liu, Cun Cao, De-Bin Yu, Zhi-Gang Jiang, Jun Wang, Yu-Xin Han, Fang Wang, Ying-Lin Qi, Chao Sun, Li Yu, Ji-Tao Chang, Xin Yin

2024, 39(6): 917 doi: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.09.010

Received: 17 May 2023 Accepted: 26 September 2024
Abstract [PDF 4700 KB] ScienceDirect ESM
Unveiling the molecular mechanisms underlying rotavirus replication and pathogenesis has been hampered by the lack of a reverse genetics (RG) system in the past. Since 2017, multiple plasmid-based RG systems for simian, human, and murine-like rotaviruses have been established. However, none of the described methods have supported the recovery of bovine rotaviruses (BRVs). Here, we established an optimized plasmid-based RG system for BRV culture-adapted strain (BRV G10P [15] BLR) and clinical isolates (BRV G6P [1] C73, G10P [11] HM26) based on a BHK-T7 cell clone stably expressing T7 polymerase. Furthermore, using this optimized RG system, we successfully rescued the reporter virus BRV rC73/Zs, rHM26/Zs and rBLR/Zs, harboring a genetically modified 1.8-kb segment 7 encoding full-length nonstructural protein 3 (NSP3) fused to ZsGreen, a 232-amino acid green fluorescent protein. Analysis of the stability of genomic insertions showed that the rC73/Zs and rBLR/Zs replicated efficiently and were genetically stable in seven rounds of serial passaging, while rHM26/Zs can be stabilized only up to the third generation, indicating that the BRV segment composition may influence the viral fitness. In addition, we adopted the recombinant reporter viruses for high-throughput screening application and discovered 12 candidates out of 1440 compounds with potential antiviral activities against rotavirus. In summary, this improved RG system of BRVs represents an important tool with great potential for understanding the molecular biology of BRV and facilitates the development of novel therapeutics and vaccines for BRV.

Generation and characterization of a novel ovariole cell line derived from Spodoptera frugiperda in China with sensitivity to both SfMNPV and AcMNPV

Yan Tong, Wenyi Jin, Xuan Li, Lin Guo, Gang Luo, Qian Meng, Jihong Zhang, Qilian Qin, Huan Zhang

2024, 39(6): 929 doi: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.10.002

Received: 27 January 2024 Accepted: 09 October 2024
Abstract [PDF 3407 KB] ScienceDirectESM
Spodoptera frugiperda multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (SfMNPV), belonging to the species Alphabaculovirus spofrugiperdae, has been recently registered as an insecticide in China. This virus has a specific effect on the global major agricultural pest Spodoptera frugiperda. To gain insights into viral infection, replication processes, and the complex formation of viral particles, in vitro studies using cell lines are essential tools. Although the IPLB-Sf9 and IPLB-Sf21 cell lines derived from S. frugiperda are widely used for studies on the infection and replication mechanisms of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), their capacity to produce viral polyhedra after SfMNPV infection is not optimal. To address this limitation, a novel cell line named IOZCAS-Sf-1 was developed from a S. frugiperda population in Yunnan, China. The mitochondrial COX1 gene analysis confirmed the species origin of the IOZCAS-Sf-1 cell line. Furthermore, a comparative study was carried out to contrast the COX1 gene sequence of this novel cell line with that of IPLB-Sf9, highlighting the distinctions between the two. Importantly, the IOZCAS-Sf-1 cells exhibited a remarkable ability to generate polyhedra when infected with AcMNPV and SfMNPV, respectively. Consequently, this cellular lineage is considered a promising and valuable resource. It serves not only to investigate the molecular mechanisms of viral replication and its impact on host cells, but also to explore the transfection efficiency of SfMNPV DNA. This exploration further expands into its potential application in recombinant DNA experiments, laying a theoretical groundwork for the advancement of more effective biopesticides and sustainable agricultural practices.

Modulation of the unfolded protein response by white spot syndrome virus via wsv406 targeting BiP to facilitate viral replication

Shihan Chen, Qiqi Zhong, Xuzheng Liao, Haiyang Wang, Bang Xiao, Jianguo He, Chaozheng Li

2024, 39(6): 938 doi: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.10.005

Received: 14 June 2024 Accepted: 24 October 2024
Abstract [PDF 4536 KB] ScienceDirectESM
Outbreaks of diseases are often linked to environmental stress, which can lead to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and subsequently trigger the unfolded protein response (UPR). The replication of the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), the most serious pathogen in shrimp aquaculture, has been shown to rely on the UPR signaling pathway, although the detailed mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we discovered that WSSV enhances its replication by hijacking the UPR pathway via the viral protein wsv406. Our analysis revealed a significant upregulation of wsv406 in the hemocytes and gills of infected shrimp. Mass spectrometry analysis identified that wsv406 interacts specifically with the immunoglobulin heavy-chain-binding protein (BiP) in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Further examination revealed that wsv406 binds to multiple domains of LvBiP, inhibiting its ATPase activity without disrupting its binding to UPR stress receptors. Silencing either wsv406 or LvBiP resulted in a reduction in WSSV replication and improved shrimp survival rates. Further, wsv406 activation of the PRKR-like ER kinase (PERK)-eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) pathways was demonstrated by a decrease in the phosphorylation of eIF2α and the nuclear translocation of ATF6 when wsv406 was silenced during WSSV infection. This activation facilitated the transcription of WSSV genes, promoting viral replication. In summary, these findings reveal that wsv406 manipulates the host UPR by targeting LvBiP, thereby enhancing WSSV replication through the PERK-eIF2α and ATF6 pathways. These insights into the interaction between WSSV and host cellular machinery offer potential targets for developing therapeutic interventions to control WSSV outbreaks in shrimp aquaculture.

Case study: May human norovirus infection be associated with premature delivery?

Jiaying Cao, Yuetong Li, Feiyang Xue, Ziyang Sheng, Libo Liu, Yingying Zhang, Lele Wang, Liang Zeng, Yanmin Jiang, Dongying Fan, Fang Li, Jing An

2024, 39(6): 951 doi: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.10.004

Received: 06 February 2024 Accepted: 18 October 2024
Abstract [PDF 8009 KB] ScienceDirect
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis. The varying severity of chronic infection in patients with underlying immune deficiencies poses additional burdens on public health. However, the potential effects of HuNoV infection during pregnancy, a specific immune perturbed state, have been rarely reported. Recently, four cases of HuNoV-infected patients in the late stages of pregnancy were admitted to the Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, and premature rupture of membranes as primary adverse outcome was observed in these cases. Samples of fetal accessory tissue were collected from two of these cases at delivery to explore the potential pathogenesis. Pathological analysis showed placental malperfusion in both maternal and fetal vascular, while a decrease in vessels was not observed in villi of placenta. There was obvious pathological change in the chorion of fetal membrane, accompanied by a tendency of Th-1 immune bias. Notably, aggregation of M2 macrophages was observed in the chorion of the fetal membrane, potentially recruited for tissue repair. Next-generation sequencing showed minimal changes in immune pathways within placenta tissue. A gene panel associated with immunosuppression was identified in the fetal membrane of HuNoV-infected women compared to those of normal parturient. Taken together, this study provides clues for the association between the HuNoV and premature delivery, which requires the attention of the clinicians.

Construction and validation of a mouse model for studying severe human adenovirus infections

Dingbin Chen, Yuqian Yan, Ting Mei, Peipei Yang, Siqi Deng, Yiqiang Li, Tie Zhao, Ning Xin, Biyan Duan, Weifeng Liang, Yuemei Yang, Wei Zhao, Donald Seto, Junxian Ou, Qiwei Zhang

2024, 39(6): 963 doi: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.11.001

Received: 03 August 2024 Accepted: 29 October 2024
Abstract [PDF 7144 KB] ScienceDirect ESM
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are highly contagious pathogens with various genotypes implicated in acute respiratory disease (ARD) and linked to fatality, especially in immunosuppressed patients, young children, and military recruits. Currently, no vaccines or specific drugs are approved for clinical use. The hosts of adenoviruses are strictly species-specific, which strongly limits the development of vaccines and drugs against HAdVs. In this study, immunocompetent BALB/c mice were challenged with different doses of human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV-5) via tail intravenous injection (i.v.). All mice challenged with a high dose of HAdV-5 (3.2 × 1010 TCID50/kg) died within 3–5 days, while those receiving a low dose of HAdV-5 (8 × 109 or 4 × 109 TCID50/kg) survived. Interestingly, among the mice receiving a medium dose of HAdV-5 (1.6 × 1010 TCID50/kg), 60% (n = 3/5) of male mice died, while all female mice survived. This suggests that male mice may be more susceptible to HAdV-5 infection than female mice, consistent with clinical findings in children. HAdV-5 DNA was mainly distributed in the liver, followed by the spleen and lung. Pathological changes were observed in the lung, liver, and spleen, with severity increasing in correlation with the virus challenge dosage. Transcriptome and qPCR analyses of the liver indicated that the down-regulated expression of the H2-Aa, H2-Ea-ps, CD74, and H2-Eb1 genes in male mice, as well as the AHR gene in female mice, may contribute to the observed higher mortality rates in male mice. Therefore, this effective, feasible, and cost-efficient mouse model could serve as a candidate for evaluating HAdV vaccines and anti-adenovirus therapeutics.
Letter

A G3P[3] bat rotavirus can infect cultured human cholangiocytes and cause biliary atresia symptom in suckling mice

Pengfei Hao, Zhaoxia Pang, Qiaoqiao Qu, Chunmei Cui, Yuhang Jiang, Jing Chen, Zihan Gao, Zhiqiang Xu, Letian Li, Ningyi Jin, Chang Li

2024, 39(6): 974 doi: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.09.009

Received: 02 April 2024 Accepted: 23 September 2024
Abstract [PDF 1219 KB] ScienceDirectESM
Highlights
1 Bat rotavirus strain MSLH14 (G3P[3]) can infect human cholangiocytes in vitro.
2 MSLH14 can cause suckling mice biliary atresia symptom, indicating potential public health risks.
3 MSLH14 have the potential for establishing a biliary atresia animal model.
News and Views

Bibliometric analysis of virology advancements in the 21st century

Lili Ma, Wei Pan, Jiali Si

2024, 39(6): 977 doi: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.08.009

Received: 12 August 2024 Accepted: 20 August 2024
Abstract [PDF 1659 KB] ScienceDirect
Databases of Web of Science, Essential Science Indicators, and Nature Index are utilized in the analysis. More than one million publications, including 900,000 research articles are identified. Annual article counts show a steady growth, with a significant surge during the COVID-19 pandemic. Patterns across various scientific disciplines and countries are analyzed to gain an in-depth understanding of the virology research landscape.

Pandemic preparedness of effective vaccines for the outbreak of newly H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus

Feixia Gao, Qi Wang, Chenchen Qiu, Jian Luo, Xiuling Li

2024, 39(6): 981 doi: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.11.005

Received: 01 October 2024 Accepted: 28 November 2024
Abstract [PDF 1262 KB] ScienceDirect
Highlights
1. Analyzed the outbreak situation and viral characteristics of the newly H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus.
2. The current approval and research and development of the H5N1 HPAI vaccines were summarized.
3. Proposed vaccine development approaches against newly H5N1 virus, e.g. adjuvanted vaccine, mRNA vaccine, multivalent vaccine.
4. Discussed other prevention and control strategies, e.g. poultry vaccination, global surveillance and comprehensive testing.