2019年34卷2期
Cover page images (from L to R) from the articles published in this special issue illustrate (1) post-entry events of HIV-1 infection mediated by capsid-interacting host factors (Novikova and Zhang, et al., page 119, Fig. 3), (2) possible mechanisms of KSHV-mediated pathogenesis at the cellular level (Yan and Majerciak, et al., page 135, Fig. 7), (3) miR-135a directly targeting antiviral factors CXCL12, MYD88, and RIPK2 to enhance HCV RNA replication (Sodroski and Lowey, et al., page 197 , Fig. 5F), (4) selection of two alternative branch sites in the HPV18 E6 intron correlating to the efficiency of E6*I splicing and the production of E6 and E7 oncoproteins (Brant, et al., page 211, Fig. 5D), and (5) immunofluorescent staining of the colocalized cytoplasmic prion protein and BiP (binding immunoglobulin protein/GRP78) (orange) in BxPC-3 cells after brefeldin A treatment (Gao and Peng, et al., page 222, Fig. 5B).
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Multiple Roles of HIV-1 Capsid during the Virus Replication Cycle
2019, 34(2): 119 doi: 10.1007/s12250-019-00095-3
收稿日期: 2018-11-17
录用日期: 2019-01-16
出版日期: 2019-04-26
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 capsid (HIV-1 CA) is involved in different stages of the viral replication cycle. During virion assembly, CA drives the formation of the hexameric lattice in immature viral particles, while in mature virions CA monomers assemble in cone-shaped cores surrounding the viral RNA genome and associated proteins. In addition to its functions in late stages of the viral replication cycle, CA plays key roles in a number of processes during early phases of HIV-1 infection including trafficking, uncoating, recognition by host cellular proteins and nuclear import of the viral preintegration complex. As a result of efficient cooperation of CA with other viral and cellular proteins, integration of the viral genetic material into the host genome, which is an essential step for productive viral infection, successfully occurs. In this review, we will summarize available data on CA functions in HIV-1 replication, describing in detail its roles in late and early phases of the viral replication cycle.
卡波氏肉瘤相关疱疹病毒生活周期：转录和转录后调控及致瘤机制
2019, 34(2): 135 doi: 10.1007/s12250-019-00114-3
收稿日期: 2018-11-29
录用日期: 2019-03-14
出版日期: 2019-04-25
卡波氏肉瘤相关疱疹病毒是一种重要的人类肿瘤病毒，在其生活周期中表现出潜伏感染和裂解复制两相生命周期。除了引发典型的卡波氏肉瘤之外，该病毒还会引发多中心性卡斯特曼疾病以及原发性渗出性淋巴瘤。卡波氏肉瘤同时也是艾滋病患者中常见的肿瘤之一。在病毒与宿主长期进化和共存的过程中，病毒利用宿主的系统来发展生命周期并不断进化出各种策略以拮抗宿主内的免疫系统从而最终导致肿瘤的发生。因此，更好地了解病毒两相生命周期及其调控的相关机制对我们揭示该病毒致瘤过程是十分有必要的。
Flu DRiPs in MHC Class Ⅰ Immunosurveillance
2019, 34(2): 162 doi: 10.1007/s12250-018-0061-y
收稿日期: 2018-08-28
录用日期: 2018-09-30
出版日期: 2018-11-19
Since the publication of the DRiP (defective ribosomal product) hypothesis in 1996, numerous studies have addressed the contribution of DRiPs to generating viral antigenic peptides for CD8+ T cell immunosurveillance. Here, we review studies characterizing the generation of antigenic peptides from influenza A virus encoded DRiPs, discuss the many remaining mysteries regarding the nature of their co-translational generation, and speculate on where the future might lead.
Development of Neutralizing Antibodies against Zika Virus Based on Its Envelope Protein Structure
2019, 34(2): 168 doi: 10.1007/s12250-019-00093-5
收稿日期: 2018-10-25
录用日期: 2019-01-28
出版日期: 2019-04-24
As we know more about Zika virus (ZIKV), as well as its linkage to birth defects (microcephaly) and autoimmune neurological syndromes, we realize the importance of developing an efficient vaccine against it. Zika virus disease has affected many countries and is becoming a major public health concern. To deal with the infection of ZIKV, plenty of experiments have been done on selection of neutralizing antibodies that can target the envelope (E) protein on the surface of the virion. However, the existence of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) effect might limit the use of them as therapeutic candidates. In this review, we classify the neutralizing antibodies against ZIKV based on the epitopes and summarize the resolved structural information on antibody/antigen complex from X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), which might be useful for further development of potent neutralizing antibodies and vaccines toward clinical use.
Viral Regulation of RNA Granules in Infected Cells
2019, 34(2): 175 doi: 10.1007/s12250-019-00122-3
收稿日期: 2019-01-15
录用日期: 2019-04-02
出版日期: 2019-04-29
RNA granules are cytoplasmic, microscopically visible, non-membrane ribo-nucleoprotein structures and are important posttranscriptional regulators in gene expression by controlling RNA translation and stability. TIA/G3BP/PABP-specific stress granules (SG) and GW182/DCP-specific RNA processing bodies (PB) are two major distinguishable RNA granules in somatic cells and contain various ribosomal subunits, translation factors, scaffold proteins, RNA-binding proteins, RNA decay enzymes and helicases to exclude mRNAs from the cellular active translational pool. Although SG formation is inducible due to cellular stress, PB exist physiologically in every cell. Both RNA granules are important components of the host antiviral defense. Virus infection imposes stress on host cells and thus induces SG formation. However, both RNA and DNA viruses must confront the hostile environment of host innate immunity and apply various strategies to block the formation of SG and PB for their effective infection and multiplication. This review summarizes the current research development in the field and the mechanisms of how individual viruses suppress the formation of host SG and PB for virus production.
Manipulating the Interferon Signaling Pathway: Implications for HIV Infection
2019, 34(2): 192 doi: 10.1007/s12250-019-00085-5
收稿日期: 2018-09-29
录用日期: 2018-12-14
出版日期: 2019-02-14
During human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, type Ⅰ interferon (IFN-Ⅰ) signaling induces an antiviral state that includes the production of restriction factors that inhibit virus replication, thereby limiting the infection. As seen in other viral infections, type Ⅰ IFN can also increase systemic immune activation which, in HIV disease, is one of the strongest predictors of disease progression to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and non-AIDS morbidity and mortality. Moreover, IFN-Ⅰ is associated with CD4 T cell depletion and attenuation of antigen-specific T cell responses. Therefore, therapeutic manipulation of IFN-Ⅰ signaling to improve HIV disease outcome is a source of much interest and debate in the field. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of timing (acute vs. chronic infection) and have suggested that specific targeting of type Ⅰ IFNs and their subtypes may help harness the beneficial roles of the IFN-Ⅰ system while avoiding its deleterious activities.
MicroRNA-135a Modulates Hepatitis C Virus Genome Replication through Downregulation of Host Antiviral Factors
2019, 34(2): 197 doi: 10.1007/s12250-018-0055-9
收稿日期: 2018-07-24
录用日期: 2018-09-13
出版日期: 2018-11-09
Cellular microRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to modulate HCV infection via directly acting on the viral genome or indirectly through targeting the virus-associated host factors. Recently we generated a comprehensive map of HCV– miRNA interactions through genome-wide miRNA functional screens and transcriptomics analyses. Many previously unappreciated cellular miRNAs were identified to be involved in HCV infection, including miR-135a, a human cancerrelated miRNA. In the present study, we investigated the role of miR-135a in regulating HCV life cycle and showed that it preferentially enhances viral genome replication. Bioinformatics-based integrative analyses and subsequent functional assays revealed three antiviral host factors, including receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 2 (RIPK2), myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MYD88), and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12), as bona fide targets of miR-135a. These genes have been shown to inhibit HCV infection at the RNA replication stage. Our data demonstrated that repression of key host restriction factors mediated the proviral effect of miR-135a on HCV propagation. In addition, miR-135a hepatic abundance is upregulated by HCV infection in both cultured hepatocytes and human liver, likely mediating a more favorable environment for viral replication and possibly contributing to HCV-induced liver malignancy. These results provide novel insights into HCV–host interactions and unveil molecular pathways linking miRNA biology to HCV pathogenesis.
HPV18 Utilizes Two Alternative Branch Sites for E6*I Splicing to Produce E7 Protein
2019, 34(2): 211 doi: 10.1007/s12250-019-00098-0
收稿日期: 2018-12-17
录用日期: 2019-02-21
出版日期: 2019-04-03
Human papillomavirus 18 (HPV18) E6 and E7 oncogenes are transcribed as a single bicistronic E6E7 pre-mRNA. The E6 ORF region in the bicistronic E6E7 pre-mRNA contains an intron. Splicing of this intron disrupts the E6 ORF integrity and produces a spliced E6*I RNA for efficient E7 translation. Here we report that the E6 intron has two overlapped branch point sequences (BPS) upstream of its 3' splice site, with an identical heptamer AACUAAC, for E6*I splicing. One heptamer has a branch site adenosine (underlined) at nt 384 and the other at nt 388. E6*I splicing efficiency correlates to the expression level of E6 and E7 proteins and depends on the selection of which branch site. In general, E6*I splicing prefers the 3'ss-proximal branch site at nt 388 over the distal branch site at nt 384. Inactivation of the nt 388 branch site was found to activate a cryptic acceptor site at nt 636 for aberrant RNA splicing. Together, these data suggest that HPV18 modulates its production ratio of E6 and E7 proteins by alternative selection of the two mapped branch sites for the E6*I splicing, which could be beneficial in its productive or oncogenic infection according to the host cell environment.
肿瘤细胞表达的朊病毒蛋白抵抗内质网应激导致的细胞凋亡
2019, 34(2): 222 doi: 10.1007/s12250-019-00107-2
收稿日期: 2018-11-09
录用日期: 2019-02-28
出版日期: 2019-04-24
未折叠蛋白反应（UPR）是内质网应激（ER stress）引起的一种适应性反应。在肺癌、胰腺癌等多种癌症中，癌细胞可利用ER stress促进自身的生存发展。朊病毒蛋白（PrP）是一种细胞表面糖蛋白，在多种癌症中表达上调且是胰腺癌，胃癌和乳腺癌患者预后差的生物学标记物。PrP在ER stress 的条件下表达上调，作为易于错误折叠的蛋白质，PrP的上调是否增强ER stress，其功能是什么目前所知极少。我们的研究发现尽管BFA、Thps、TM激活UPR，但只有ATF4是持续性增强，而不是ER stress的其他分支通路。而且在肺癌中经典的PERK-eIF2α-ATF4通路不能解释ATF4的激活，相关机制正在研究中。此外，只有BFA显著增强胞质中的简单糖基化的PrP。最后我们发现PrP的表达可以抵抗BFA诱导的癌细胞死亡。因此，BFA诱导持续的ER stress通路可以为肺癌、胰腺癌的靶向治疗提供新思路。
39卷第2期 (2024年4月)
ISSN 1674-0769
EISSN 1995-820X
CN 42-1760/Q
主编: 石正丽
影响因子: 5.5*
*源于2022年JCR
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